Hydrogen sulfide imaging system

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments disclosed herein describe an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting a gas. The imaging system can include an optical filter that selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1600 nm and below 1580 nm. The system can include an optical detector array sensitive to light having a wavelength of 1590 that is positioned rear of the optical filter.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/166,092, filed May 26, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/168,620, filed May 29, 2015, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to a system and method for gas cloud detection and, in particular, to a system and method of detecting spectral signatures of hydrogen sulfide.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED TECHNOLOGY

Spectral imaging systems and methods have applications in a variety of fields. Spectral imaging systems and methods obtain a spectral image of a scene in one or more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to detect phenomena, identify material compositions or characterize processes. The spectral image of the scene can be represented as a three-dimensional data cube where two axes of the cube represent two spatial dimensions of the scene and a third axes of the data cube represents spectral information of the scene in different wavelength regions. The data cube can be processed using mathematical methods to obtain information about the scene. Some of the existing spectral imaging systems generate the data cube by scanning the scene in the spatial domain (e.g., by moving a slit across the horizontal dimensions of the scene) and/or spectral domain (e.g., by scanning a wavelength dispersive element to obtain images of the scene in different spectral regions). Such scanning approaches acquire only a portion of the full data cube at a time. These portions of the full data cube are stored and then later processed to generate a full data cube.

Furthermore, many conventional spectral imaging systems are unable to detect and identify hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas, which is very dangerous to humans, even though such conventional systems may be able to detect other hydrocarbon gases.

Accordingly, there remains a continuing need for a spectral imaging system that can detect and identify hydrogen sulfide gas.

SUMMARY

The systems, methods and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting a gas is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical filter that selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1500 nm to 1700 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1700 nm and below 1500 nm. The imaging system can include an optical detector array sensitive to light having a wavelength of 1590 nm that is positioned rear of the optical filter

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for imaging a scene is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system comprising an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit and a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical channels to transfer IR radiation from the scene towards the optical FPA unit, each optical channel positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the optical system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. At least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral range. The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is disclosed. The imaging system can an optical detector array, and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is disclosed. The system can include an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. The optical filter can comprise a passband that transmits within the passband a first signal representative of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and a second signal representative of one of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 50 to 10,000.

In one embodiment, an optical filter is disclosed. The optical filter can include a filter element comprising a passband that selectively passes light within a band of infrared (IR) wavelengths. The passband can transmit a first signal representative of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and a second signal representative of one of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 50 to 10,000.

In one embodiment, an optical filter is disclosed. The optical filter can include a filter element comprising a passband that selectively passes light within a band of infrared (IR) wavelengths. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for imaging a scene is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system comprising an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit and a plurality of spectrally different optical channels to transfer IR radiation from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. Each optical channel can be positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the optical system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. The plurality spectrally different optical channels can be coupled to or integrally formed with the optical FPA unit. At least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral range. The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas is disclosed. The imaging system can comprise an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. The optical filter can comprise a passband that transmits within the passband a first signal representative of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and a second signal representative of one of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methane (CH₄), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 50 to 10,000.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting methane (CH₄) gas is disclosed. The system can include an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or carbon dioxide (CO₂), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

In one embodiment, an imaging system is disclosed. The imaging system can comprise imaging optics (such as one or more lenses) and one or more optical channels that convey infrared radiation to an optical detector array. The imaging system can include processing electronics configured to detect hydrogen sulfide gas from a scene in which multiple chemicals are present. For example, the one or more optical channels can selectively filter wavelengths at which hydrogen sulfide has high absorption characteristics as compared with other gases commonly found at the scene.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is disclosed. The system can include an optical system comprising an optical detector array and one or more optical channels that transfer infrared radiation to the optical detector array. The system can include processing electronics configured to process image data received by the optical detector array, the processing electronics configured to detect H₂S gas based on the captured image data.

Various embodiments of the systems described herein provide an infrared (IR) imaging system for determining a concentration of a target chemical species in an object (e.g., a gas plume). The imaging system includes (i) an optical system, having an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit configured to receive IR radiation from the object along at least two or more optical channels defined by components of the optical system, the at least two or more optical channels being spatially and spectrally different from one another; and (ii) a processor or processing electronics configured to acquire multispectral optical data representing said target chemical species from the received IR radiation in a single occurrence of data acquisition (or snapshot). The optical FPA unit includes an array of photo-sensitive devices that are disposed at the focus of one or more lenses. In various embodiments, the array of photo-sensitive devices can include a two-dimensional imaging sensor that is sensitive to radiation having wavelengths between 1 μm and 20 μm (for example, in mid infra-red wavelength range, long infra-red wavelength range, visible wavelength range, etc.). In various embodiments, the array of photo-sensitive devices can include CCD or CMOS sensors, bolometers or other detectors that are sensitive to infra-red radiation. The optical system may include an optical aperture (a boundary of which is defined to circumscribe or encompass the at least two or more spatially distinct optical channels) and one or more optical filters. In various implementations, the one or more optical filters can comprise at least two spectrally-multiplexed filters. Each of these optical filters can be associated with one of the at least two or more optical channels and configured to transmit a portion of the IR radiation received in the associated optical channel. In various embodiments, the one or more optical filters can be spectrally multiplexed and may include, for example, at least one of a longpass optical filter and a shortpass optical filter, or a band pass filter (with or without a combination with another filter such as a notch filter, for example). The optical system may further include at least two imaging lenses. The at least two imaging lenses, for example each of the imaging lens, may be disposed to transmit IR radiation (for example, between about 1 micron and about 20 microns), that has been transmitted through a corresponding optical filter towards the optical FPA unit. In one embodiment, the optical FPA unit is positioned to receive IR radiation from the object through the at least two imaging lenses to form respectively-corresponding two or more sets of imaging data representing the object. The processor or processing electronics is configured to acquire this optical data from the two or more sets of imaging data. In various embodiments of the imaging systems, the FPA unit may be devoid of cooling systems. In various embodiments, two or more of the array of photo-sensitive devices may be uncooled. In some embodiments, the system further comprises two or more temperature-controlled shutters removably positioned to block IR radiation incident onto the optical system from the object.

Also disclosed herein is an implementation of a method of operating an infrared (IR) imaging system. The method includes receiving IR radiation from an object through at least two optical channels defined by components of an optical system of the IR imaging system, which at least two optical channels are spatially and spectrally different from one another. The method further includes transmitting the received IR radiation towards an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit that is not being cooled in the course of normal operation. For example, in various embodiments of the imaging systems, the FPA unit may be devoid of cooling systems. In various embodiments, two or more of the array of photo-sensitive devices may be uncooled. Some embodiments further comprise removably positioning at least one of at least two temperature-controlled shutters in front of the optical system to block IR radiation incident onto the optical system from the object.

Various innovative aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in the following embodiments:

Embodiment 1

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of cameras;     -   at least one thermal reference source having a known temperature         placed in front of the plurality of cameras and configured to be         imaged by the plurality of cameras; and     -   a data-processing unit comprising a processor, the imaging         system configured to:     -   acquire with the plurality of cameras a plurality of frames         having regions that correspond to the image of the reference         source; and     -   apply a dynamic calibration correction to the plurality of         cameras to allow every camera in the plurality of cameras to be         calibrated to agree with every other camera in the plurality         imaging the reference source.

Embodiment 2

The system of Embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of cameras comprises a FPA unit and a plurality of lenses.

Embodiment 3

The system of any of Embodiments 1-2, wherein the FPA unit comprises one FPA or a plurality of FPAs.

Embodiment 4

The system of any of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the at least one thermal reference source has a known spectrum.

Embodiment 5

The system of any of Embodiments 1-4, further comprising an additional thermal reference source imaged by the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 6

The system of any of Embodiments 1-5, wherein the additional reference source has a temperature and a spectrum different from the known temperature and the known spectrum of the at least one reference source.

Embodiment 7

The system of any of Embodiments 1-6, wherein the temperature of the additional thermal reference source is less than the known temperature.

Embodiment 8

The system of any of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the temperature of the additional thermal reference source is greater than the known temperature.

Embodiment 9

The system of any of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the at least one reference source is displaced away from a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras such that the image of the at least one reference source captured by the plurality of cameras is blurred.

Embodiment 10

The system of any of Embodiments 1-9, wherein the at least one reference source is positioned at a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 11

The system of any of Embodiments 1-10, further comprising a plurality of mirrors configured to image the at least one reference source onto the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 12

The system of any of Embodiments 1-11, wherein the plurality of mirrors are disposed outside a central field of view of the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 13

The system of any of Embodiments 1-12, further comprising a first and a second temperature-controlled shutter removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the system from reaching the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 14

The system of any of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the system includes at least two spatially and spectrally different optical channels.

Embodiment 15

The system of any of Embodiments 1-14, wherein the system includes at least three optical channels.

Embodiment 16

The system of any of Embodiments 1-15, wherein the system includes at least four optical channels.

Embodiment 17

The system of any of Embodiments 1-16, wherein the system includes at least five optical channels.

Embodiment 18

The system of any of Embodiments 1-17, wherein the system includes at least six optical channels.

Embodiment 19

The system of any of Embodiments 1-18, wherein the system includes at least seven optical channels.

Embodiment 20

The system of any of Embodiments 1-19, wherein the system includes at least eight optical channels.

Embodiment 21

The system of any of Embodiments 1-20, wherein the system includes at least nine optical channels.

Embodiment 22

The system of any of Embodiments 1-21, wherein the system includes at least ten optical channels.

Embodiment 23

The system of any of Embodiments 1-22, wherein the system includes at least twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 24

The system of any of Embodiments 1-23, further comprising one or more sensors configured to measure a temperature of the at least one reference source.

Embodiment 25

The system of any of Embodiments 1-24, wherein the plurality of cameras is configured to image the same portion of the at least one reference source.

Embodiment 26

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of cameras;     -   a first temperature-controlled reference source imaged by the         plurality of cameras;     -   a second temperature-controlled reference source imaged by the         plurality of cameras; and     -   a data-processing unit comprising a processor, said         data-processing unit configured to:     -   acquire with the plurality of cameras a plurality of frames         having regions that correspond to the image of the reference         source; and     -   dynamically calibrate the plurality of cameras so that various         cameras imaging a scene are forced to agree on a temperature         estimate of the first and second reference sources.

Embodiment 27

The imaging system of any of Embodiment 26, wherein the data-processing unit is configured to calculate a dynamic calibration correction and apply the correction to the plurality of cameras for each of the plurality of frames.

Embodiment 28

The system of any of Embodiments 26-27, wherein the first reference source is maintained at a first temperature.

Embodiment 29

The system of any of Embodiments 26-28, wherein the second reference source is maintained at a second temperature.

Embodiment 30

The system of any of Embodiments 26-29, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature.

Embodiment 31

The system of any of Embodiments 26-30, wherein the first temperature is less than the second temperature.

Embodiment 32

The system of any of Embodiments 26-31, wherein the first and the second reference sources are displaced away from a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras such that the image of the first and the second reference sources captured by the plurality of cameras is blurred.

Embodiment 33

The system of any of Embodiments 26-32, wherein the first and the second reference sources are positioned at a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 34

The system of any of Embodiments 26-33, further comprising:

-   -   a first mirror configured to image the first reference onto the         plurality of cameras; and     -   a second mirror configured to image the second reference source         onto the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 35

The system of any of Embodiments 26-34, further comprising a first and a second temperature-controlled shutter removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the system from reaching the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 36

The system of any of Embodiments 26-35, wherein the system includes at least two spatially and spectrally different optical channels.

Embodiment 37

The system of any of Embodiments 26-36, wherein the system includes at least four optical channels.

Embodiment 38

The system of any of Embodiments 26-37, wherein the system includes at least six optical channels.

Embodiment 39

The system of any of Embodiments 26-38, wherein the system includes at least eight optical channels.

Embodiment 40

The system of any of Embodiments 26-39, wherein the system includes at least ten optical channels.

Embodiment 41

The system of any of Embodiments 26-40, wherein the system includes at least twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 42

The system of any of Embodiments 26-41, further comprising one or more sensors configured to measure a temperature of the first or the second reference source.

Embodiment 43

The system of any of Embodiments 26-42, wherein the plurality of cameras is configured to image the same portion of the first reference source and wherein plurality of cameras is configured to image the same portion of the second reference source.

Embodiment 44

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of cameras;     -   a reference having an unknown temperature configured to be         imaged by the plurality of cameras; and     -   a data-processing unit comprising a processor, the imaging         system configured to:     -   acquire with the plurality of cameras a plurality of frames         having regions that correspond to the image of the reference;     -   calculate a dynamic calibration correction using a temperature         measured by one of the cameras in the plurality of cameras as a         reference temperature; and     -   apply the calibration correction to the other cameras in the         plurality of cameras to match the temperature estimate of the         other cameras in the plurality of cameras with the reference         temperature.

Embodiment 45

The system of any of Embodiment 44, wherein the reference is displaced away from a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras such that the image of the reference source captured by the plurality of cameras is blurred.

Embodiment 46

The system of any of Embodiments 44-45, wherein the reference is positioned at a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 47

The system of any of Embodiments 44-46, further comprising a plurality of mirrors configured to image the reference onto the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 48

The system of any of Embodiments 44-47, further comprising a first and a second temperature-controlled shutter removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the system from reaching the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 49

The system of any of Embodiments 44-48, wherein the system includes at least two spatially and spectrally different optical channels.

Embodiment 50

The system of any of Embodiments 44-49, wherein the system includes at least three optical channels.

Embodiment 51

The system of any of Embodiments 44-50, wherein the system includes at least four optical channels.

Embodiment 52

The system of any of Embodiments 44-51, wherein the system includes at least five optical channels.

Embodiment 53

The system of any of Embodiments 44-52, wherein the system includes at least six optical channels.

Embodiment 54

The system of any of Embodiments 44-52, wherein the system includes at least seven optical channels.

Embodiment 55

The system of any of Embodiments 44-53, wherein the system includes at least eight optical channels.

Embodiment 56

The system of any of Embodiments 44-54, wherein the system includes at least nine optical channels.

Embodiment 57

The system of any of Embodiments 44-55, wherein the system includes at least ten optical channels.

Embodiment 58

The system of any of Embodiments 44-56, wherein the system includes at least twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 59

The system of any of Embodiments 44-57, wherein the plurality of cameras is configured to image the same portion of the reference.

Embodiment 60

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   an optical system including an optical focal plane array (FPA)         unit, the optical system includes components associated with at         least two optical channels, said at least two optical channels         being spatially and spectrally different from one another, each         of the at least two optical channels positioned to transfer IR         radiation incident on the optical system towards the optical FPA         unit, the optical FPA unit comprising at least two detector         arrays disposed at a distance from two corresponding focusing         lenses;     -   at least one thermal reference having a known temperature,         wherein radiation emitted from the at least one reference is         directed towards the optical FPA unit and imaged by the at least         two detector arrays; and     -   a data-processing unit, said data-processing unit configured to:     -   acquire a plurality of frames with the at least two detector         arrays having regions in the plurality of image frames that         correspond to the image of the reference; and     -   dynamically calibrate the at least two detector arrays to         address a difference in the temperature estimate of the         reference between the two detector arrays.

Embodiment 61

The system of any of Embodiment 60, wherein the at least one thermal reference has a known spectrum.

Embodiment 62

The system of any of Embodiments 60-61, further comprising an additional thermal reference, wherein radiation from the additional reference is directed towards the optical FPA unit and imaged by the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 63

The system of any of Embodiments 60-62, wherein the additional reference has a temperature and a spectrum different from the known temperature and the known spectrum of the at least one reference source.

Embodiment 64

The system of any of Embodiments 60-63, wherein the temperature of the additional thermal reference is less than the known temperature.

Embodiment 65

The system of any of Embodiments 60-64, wherein the temperature of the additional thermal reference is greater than the known temperature.

Embodiment 66

The system of any of Embodiments 60-65, wherein the at least one reference is displaced away from a conjugate image plane of the at least two detector arrays such that the image of the at least one reference captured by the at least two detector arrays is defocused.

Embodiment 67

The system of any of Embodiments 60-66, wherein the at least one reference is positioned at a conjugate image plane of the at least two detector arrays such that the image of the at least one reference captured by the at least two detector arrays is focused.

Embodiment 68

The system of any of Embodiments 60-67, further comprising at least two reflecting elements configured to direct radiation from the at least one reference source toward the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 69

The system of any of Embodiments 60-68, wherein the at least two reflecting elements are disposed outside a central field of view of the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 70

The system of any of Embodiments 60-69, further comprising a third detector array disposed between the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 71

The system of any of Embodiments 60-70, wherein the data-processing unit is configured to:

-   -   acquire a plurality of frames using the third detector array;         and     -   dynamically calibrate the third detector array to match a         temperature estimate of the third detector array with the         temperature estimates of the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 72

The system of any of Embodiments 60-71, wherein radiation emitted from the at least one reference source is not imaged by the third detector array.

Embodiment 73

The system of any of Embodiments 60-72, wherein the third detector array has a field of view greater than a field of view of the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 74

The system of any of Embodiments 60-73, wherein the at least one reference is imaged by the third detector array.

Embodiment 75

The system of any of Embodiments 60-74, further comprising a third reflecting element disposed outside the field of view of the at least two detector arrays and configured to image the at least one reference onto the third detector array.

Embodiment 76

The system of any of Embodiments 60-75, further comprising a first and a second temperature-controlled element removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the optical system from reaching the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 77

The system of any of Embodiments 60-76, wherein the optical system includes components associated with three optical channels.

Embodiment 78

The system of any of Embodiments 60-77 wherein the optical system includes components associated with four optical channels.

Embodiment 79

The system of any of Embodiments 60-78, wherein the optical system includes components associated with six optical channels.

Embodiment 80

The system of any of Embodiments 60-79, wherein the optical system includes components associated with eight optical channels.

Embodiment 81

The system of any of Embodiments 60-80, wherein the optical system includes components associated with ten optical channels.

Embodiment 82

The system of any of Embodiments 60-81, wherein the optical system includes components associated with twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 83

The system of any of Embodiments 60-82, wherein the optical system includes components associated with sixteen optical channels.

Embodiment 84

The system of any of Embodiments 60-83, wherein the optical system includes components associated with twenty four optical channels.

Embodiment 85

The system of any of Embodiments 60-84, wherein each of the at least two detector arrays is configured to image the same portion of the at least one reference so as to consistently provide a common reference temperature.

Embodiment 86

The system of any of Embodiments 60-85, wherein the data-processing unit comprises processing electronics.

Embodiment 87

The system of any of Embodiments 60-86, wherein the data-processing unit comprises a processor.

Embodiment 88

The system of any of Embodiments 60-87, wherein the data-processing unit comprises one or more processors.

Embodiment 89

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   an optical system including an optical focal plane array (FPA)         unit, the optical system including at least two optical         channels, said at least two optical channels being spatially and         spectrally different from one another, each of the at least two         optical channels positioned to transfer IR radiation incident on         the optical system towards the optical FPA unit, the optical FPA         unit comprising at least two detector arrays disposed at a         distance from two corresponding focusing lenses;     -   a first temperature-controlled reference imaged by the at least         two detector arrays;     -   a second temperature-controlled reference imaged by the at least         two detector arrays; and     -   a data-processing unit configured to:     -   acquire a plurality of frames with the at least two detector         arrays having regions in the plurality of image frames that         correspond to the image of the first and second references; and     -   dynamically calibrate the at least two detector arrays to         address a difference in a temperature estimate of the first and         second references between the two detector arrays.

Embodiment 90

The system of Embodiment 89, wherein the first reference is maintained at a first temperature.

Embodiment 91

The system of any of Embodiments 89-90, wherein the second reference is maintained at a second temperature.

Embodiment 92

The system of any of Embodiments 89-91, wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature.

Embodiment 93

The system of any of Embodiments 89-92, wherein the first temperature is less than the second temperature.

Embodiment 94

The system of any of Embodiments 89-93, wherein the first and the second references are displaced away from a conjugate image plane of the at least two detector arrays such that the image of the first and the second references captured by the at least two detector arrays is defocused.

Embodiment 95

The system of any of Embodiments 89-94, wherein the first and the second references are positioned at a conjugate image plane of the at least two detector arrays such that the image of the first and the second references captured by the at least two detector arrays is focused.

Embodiment 96

The system of any of Embodiments 89-95, further comprising:

-   -   a first reflecting element configured to direct radiation from         the first reference toward the at least two detector arrays; and     -   a second reflecting element configured to direct radiation from         the second reference toward the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 97

The system of any of Embodiments 89-96, wherein the first reflecting element is disposed outside a field of view of the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 98

The system of any of Embodiments 89-97, wherein the second reflecting element is disposed outside a field of view of the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 99

The system of any of Embodiments 89-98, further comprising a third detector array disposed between the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 100

The system of any of Embodiments 89-99, wherein the data-processing unit is configured to:

-   -   acquire a plurality of frames using the third detector array;         and     -   dynamically calibrate the third detector array to address a         difference in the temperature estimate of the first and second         references between the third detector array and the two detector         arrays.

Embodiment 101

The system of any of Embodiments 89-100, wherein the first and second references are not imaged by the third detector array.

Embodiment 102

The system of any of Embodiments 89-101, wherein the third detector array has a field of view greater than a field of view of the at least two detector arrays.

Embodiment 103

The system of any of Embodiments 89-102, wherein r first and second references are imaged by the third detector array.

Embodiment 104

The system of any of Embodiments 89-103, further comprising a third reflecting element disposed outside the field of view of the at least two detector arrays and configured to image the first and second references onto the third detector array.

Embodiment 105

The system of any of Embodiments 89-104, further comprising a first and a second temperature-controlled element removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the optical system from reaching the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 106

The system of any of Embodiments 89-105, wherein the optical system includes components associated with three optical channels.

Embodiment 107

The system of any of Embodiments 89-106, wherein the optical system includes components associated with four optical channels.

Embodiment 108

The system of any of Embodiments 89-107, wherein the optical system includes components associated with five optical channels.

Embodiment 109

The system of any of Embodiments 89-108, wherein the optical system includes components associated with six optical channels.

Embodiment 110

The system of any of Embodiments 89-109, wherein the optical system includes components associated with seven optical channels.

Embodiment 111

The system of any of Embodiments 89-110, wherein the optical system includes components associated with eight optical channels.

Embodiment 112

The system of any of Embodiments 89-111, wherein the optical system includes components associated with ten optical channels.

Embodiment 113

The system of any of Embodiments 89-112, wherein the optical system includes components associated with twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 114

The system of any of Embodiments 89-113, wherein each of the at least two detector arrays is configured to image the same portion of the first reference source so as to consistently provide a common first reference temperature and wherein each of the at least two detector arrays is configured to image the same portion of the second reference source so as to consistently provide a common second reference temperature.

Embodiment 115

The system of any of Embodiments 89-114, further comprising a temperature controller configured to control the temperature of the first or second reference.

Embodiment 116

The system of any of Embodiments 89-115, further comprising one or more sensors configured to measure a temperature of the first or the second reference.

Embodiment 117

The system of any of Embodiments 89-116, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to communicate the measured temperature of the first or the second reference to a temperature controller.

Embodiment 118

The system of any of Embodiments 89-117, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to communicate the measured temperature of the first or the second reference to the data-processing unit.

Embodiment 119

The system of any of Embodiments 89-118, wherein the first or the second reference is associated with a heater.

Embodiment 120

The system of any of Embodiments 89-119, wherein the first or the second reference is associated with a cooler.

Embodiment 121

The system of any of Embodiments 89-120, wherein the data-processing unit comprises processing electronics.

Embodiment 122

The system of any of Embodiments 89-121, wherein the data-processing unit comprises a processor.

Embodiment 123

The system of any of Embodiments 89-122, wherein the data-processing unit comprises one or more processors.

Embodiment 124

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   an optical system including components associated with at least         two optical channels, said at least two optical channels being         spectrally different from one another, each of the at least two         optical channels positioned to transfer IR radiation incident on         the optical system towards a plurality of cameras;     -   at least one calibration surface with unknown temperature and         imaged by each of the plurality of cameras; and     -   a data-processing unit configured to:     -   acquire a plurality of image frames with the plurality of         cameras including the imaged surface; and     -   adjust one or more parameters of the cameras in the plurality of         cameras such that a temperature estimate of the calibration         surface of the cameras in the plurality of cameras agree with         each other.

Embodiment 125

The system of Embodiment 124, wherein the one or more parameters is associated with a gain of the cameras in the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 126

The system of any of Embodiments 124-125, wherein the one or more parameters is associated with a gain offset of the cameras in the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 127

The system of any of Embodiments 124-126, wherein the calibration surface is displaced away from a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras such that an image of the surface is defocused.

Embodiment 128

The system of any of Embodiments 124-127, wherein the calibration surface is positioned at a conjugate image plane of the plurality of cameras such that an image of the surface is focused.

Embodiment 129

The system of any of Embodiments 124-128, further comprising at least one reflecting element configured to image the surface onto the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 130

The system of any of Embodiments 124-129, further comprising a first and a second temperature-controlled element removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the optical system from reaching the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 131

The system of any of Embodiments 124-130, wherein the optical system includes components associated with three optical channels.

Embodiment 132

The system of any of Embodiments 124-131, wherein the optical system includes components associated with four optical channels.

Embodiment 133

The system of any of Embodiments 124-132, wherein the optical system includes components associated with six optical channels.

Embodiment 134

The system of any of Embodiments 124-133, wherein the optical system includes components associated with eight optical channels.

Embodiment 135

The system of any of Embodiments 124-134, wherein the optical system includes components associated with ten optical channels.

Embodiment 136

The system of any of Embodiments 124-135, wherein the optical system includes components associated with twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 137

The system of any of Embodiments 124-136, wherein the data-processing unit comprises processing electronics.

Embodiment 138

The system of any of Embodiments 124-137, wherein the data-processing unit comprises a processor.

Embodiment 139

The system of any of Embodiments 124-138, wherein the data-processing unit comprises one or more processors.

Embodiment 140

The system of any of Embodiments 124-139, wherein the calibration surface comprises a sidewall of a housing of the system.

Embodiment 141

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   at least four spatially and spectrally different optical         channels configured to receive IR radiation from a common         object, each of the at least four spatially and spectrally         different optical channels comprising at least one imaging lens         configured to image the object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA)         unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the at least four         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object.

Embodiment 142

The system of Embodiment 141, further comprising twelve optical channels.

Embodiment 143

The system of any of Embodiments 141-142, configured to simultaneously acquire multispectral optical data from the at least four different optical channels.

Embodiment 144

The system of any of Embodiments 141-143, further comprising a plurality of optical filters associated with the optical channels.

Embodiment 145

The system of any of Embodiments 141-144, wherein a number of optical filters is two.

Embodiment 146

The system of any of Embodiments 141-145, wherein a number of optical filters is three.

Embodiment 147

The system of any of Embodiments 141-146, wherein a number of optical filters is four.

Embodiment 148

The system of any of Embodiments 141-147, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprise at least one long pass (LP) filter.

Embodiment 149

The system of any of Embodiments 141-148, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprise multiple long pass (LP) filters.

Embodiment 150

The system of any of Embodiments 141-149, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprise at least one short pass (SP) filter.

Embodiment 151

The system of any of Embodiments 141-150, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprise multiple short pass (SP) filters.

Embodiment 152

The system of any of Embodiments 141-151, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprise at least one band pass (BP) filter.

Embodiment 153

The system of any of Embodiments 141-152, wherein the plurality of optical filters comprise at one short pass (SP) filter and one long pass (LP) filter.

Embodiment 154

The system of any of Embodiments 141-153, wherein the FPA unit comprises a plurality of FPAs.

Embodiment 155

The system of any of Embodiments 141-154, further comprising first and second temperature-controlled elements removably positioned to block IR radiation incident on the imaging system from reaching the FPA unit.

Embodiment 156

The system of any of Embodiments 141-155, further comprising a field reference configured for dynamically calibrating a plurality of the FPAs in the FPA unit.

Embodiment 157

The system of any of Embodiments 141-156, wherein the field reference is configured to obscure a peripheral region of an image generated by a plurality of the FPAs in the FPA unit.

Embodiment 158

The system of any of Embodiments 141-157, configured to compare spectral data in at least one of the four optical channels acquired at a first instant of time with spectral data in the at least one of the four optical channels acquired at a second instant of time to generate a temporal difference image.

Embodiment 159

The system of any of Embodiments 141-158, configured to use a difference between the multispectral optical data acquired by the two optical channels to correct parallax-induced imaging errors.

Embodiment 160

The system of any of Embodiments 141-159, configured to use a difference between the multispectral optical data acquired by the two optical channels to estimate a distance between the system and the object.

Embodiment 161

The system of any of Embodiments 141-160, configured to estimate a size of the object based on the estimated distance and an optical magnification factor of the two optical channels.

Embodiment 162

The system of any of Embodiments 141-161, configured to compare spectral data in one of the at least four optical channels with spectral data in another one of the at least four optical channels to generate a spectral difference image.

Embodiment 163

The system of any of Embodiments 141-162, further comprising a visible light imaging sensor.

Embodiment 164

The system of any of Embodiments 141-163, configured to use the visible light imaging sensor to compensate for motion-induced imaging errors.

Embodiment 165

The system of any of Embodiments 141-164, configured to process the multispectral optical data by cross-correlating multispectral optical data from at least one of the optical channels with a reference spectrum.

Embodiment 166

The system of any of Embodiments 141-165, configured to process the multispectral optical data using spectral unmixing.

Embodiment 167

The system of any of Embodiments 141-166, further comprising five optical channels.

Embodiment 168

The system of any of Embodiments 141-167, further comprising six optical channels.

Embodiment 169

The system of any of Embodiments 141-168, further comprising seven optical channels.

Embodiment 170

The system of any of Embodiments 141-169, further comprising eight optical channels.

Embodiment 171

The system of any of Embodiments 141-170, further comprising nine optical channels.

Embodiment 172

The system of any of Embodiments 141-171, further comprising ten optical channels.

Embodiment 173

The system of any of Embodiments 141-172, further comprising eleven optical channels.

Embodiment 174

The system of any of Embodiments 141-173, wherein a number of optical filters is five.

Embodiment 175

The system of any of Embodiments 141-174, wherein a number of optical filters is six.

Embodiment 176

The system of any of Embodiments 141-175, wherein a number of optical filters is seven.

Embodiment 177

The system of any of Embodiments 141-176, wherein a number of optical filters is eight.

Embodiment 178

The system of any of Embodiments 141-177, wherein a number of optical filters is nine.

Embodiment 179

The system of any of Embodiments 141-178, wherein a number of optical filters is ten.

Embodiment 180

The system of any of Embodiments 141-179, wherein a number of optical filters is eleven.

Embodiment 181

The system of any of Embodiments 141-180, wherein a number of optical filters is twelve.

Embodiment 182

The system of any of Embodiments 141-181, wherein the processing electronics comprises one or more processors.

Embodiment 183

The system of any of Embodiments 141-182, further comprising a thermal reference configured to be imaged onto the FPA unit such that a plurality of frames of the acquired multispectral optical data has an image of the thermal reference source.

Embodiment 184

The system of any of Embodiments 141-183, wherein the thermal reference has a known temperature.

Embodiment 185

The system of any of Embodiments 141-184, wherein the thermal reference is a temperature-controlled reference source.

Embodiment 186

The system of any of Embodiments 141-185, wherein the temperature-controlled reference source includes a heater.

Embodiment 187

The system of any of Embodiments 141-186, wherein the temperature-controlled reference source includes a cooler.

Embodiment 188

The system of any of Embodiments 141-187, further comprising a mirror configured to image the thermal reference onto the FPA unit.

Embodiment 189

The system of any of Embodiments 141-188, wherein a temperature of the thermal reference is unknown.

Embodiment 190

The system of any of Embodiments 141-189, wherein the thermal reference is a surface.

Embodiment 191

The system of any of Embodiments 141-190, wherein the surface comprises a wall of a housing of the system.

Embodiment 192

The system of any of Embodiments 141-191, wherein different optical channels receive IR radiation from the same portion of the thermal reference so as to consistently provide a common reference temperature.

Embodiment 193

The system of any of Embodiments 141-192, wherein a temperature of the same portion of the thermal reference is unknown.

Embodiment 194

The system of any of Embodiments 141-193, configured to acquire the multispectral optical data at a frame rate between about 5 Hz to about 200 Hz.

Embodiment 195

The system of any of Embodiments 141-194, wherein one or more of the at least four optical channels is configured to collect IR radiation to provide spectral data corresponding to a discrete spectral band located in the wavelength range between about 7.9 μm and about 8.4 μm.

Embodiment 196

The system of any of Embodiments 141-195, wherein each optical channel is configured to transfer spectrally distinct, two-dimensional image data of the common object to one or more imaging sensors.

Embodiment 196

The system of any of Embodiments 1-24, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to communicate the measured temperature of the at least one reference source to a temperature controller.

Embodiment 197

The system of any of Embodiments 1-24, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to communicate the measured temperature of the at least one reference source to the data-processing unit.

Embodiment 198

The system of any of Embodiments 26-42, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to communicate measured temperature of the first or the second reference to a temperature controller.

Embodiment 199

The system of any of Embodiments 26-42, wherein the one or more sensors are configured communicate the measured temperature of the first or the second reference to the data-processing unit.

Embodiment 200

An infrared (IR) imaging system for imaging a target species in an object, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   an optical system comprising an optical focal plane array (FPA)         unit and defining a plurality of spatially and spectrally         different optical channels to transfer IR radiation towards the         optical FPA unit, each optical channel positioned to transfer a         portion of the IR radiation incident on the optical system from         the object towards the optical FPA unit; and     -   a programmable processor configured to execute instructions         stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage         medium, to acquire, in a single occurrence of data acquisition,         multispectral optical data representing in spatial (x, y) and         spectral (λ) coordinates said object and said target species         from the IR radiation received at the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 201

The system of Embodiment 200, wherein the multispectral data comprises a number of spectrally different images of the object obtained from IR image data transferred to the optical FPA unit by a corresponding optical channel.

Embodiment 202

The system of any of Embodiments 200-201, further comprising an optical filter corresponding to a particular optical channel and configured to transmit the portion of IR radiation towards the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 203

The system of any of Embodiments 200-202, wherein the optical filter includes one of a longpass optical filter and a shortpass optical filter.

Embodiment 204

The system of any of Embodiments 200-203, further comprising one or more front objective lenses.

Embodiment 205

The system of any of Embodiments 200-204, wherein the optical system comprises a plurality of lenses, each lens corresponding to an optical channel.

Embodiment 206

The system of any of Embodiments 200-205, wherein each optical channel is defined at least in part by a corresponding filter and a corresponding lens.

Embodiment 207

The system of any of Embodiments 200-206, wherein the plurality of lenses comprises a lens array.

Embodiment 208

The system of any of Embodiments 200-207, further comprising a plurality of relay lenses configured to relay the IR radiation along the optical channels.

Embodiment 209

The system of any of Embodiments 200-208, further comprising a plurality of moveable temperature-controlled reference source removably positioned to block IR radiation incident onto the optical system from reaching the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 210

The system of any of Embodiments 200-209, wherein the multispectral optical data from the plurality of optical channels is captured substantially simultaneously by the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 211

The system of any of Embodiments 200-210, wherein the multispectral optical data from the plurality of optical channels is captured during one image frame acquisition by the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 212

The system of any of Embodiments 200-211, further comprising first and second temperature-controlled moveable shutters removably positioned to block IR radiation incident onto the optical system from reaching the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 213

The system of any of Embodiments 200-212, wherein the optical FPA unit is devoid of a cooling device.

Embodiment 214

The system of any of Embodiments 200-213, further comprising a filter array.

Embodiment 215

The system of any of Embodiments 200-214, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to acquire said optical data from the two or more sets of imaging data.

Embodiment 216

The system of any of Embodiments 200-215, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to process the acquired optical data to compensate for at least one of (i) parallax-induced differences between the two or more sets of imaging data and (ii) difference between the two or more sets of imaging data induced by changes in the object that are not associated with the target species.

Embodiment 217

The system of any of Embodiments 200-216, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to process the acquired optical data to generate a temporal reference image.

Embodiment 218

The system of any of Embodiments 200-217, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to use the temporal reference image to generate a temporal difference image.

Embodiment 219

The system of any of Embodiments 200-218, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to process the acquired optical data to estimate a volume of a gas cloud.

Embodiment 220

The system of any of Embodiments 200-219, wherein IR radiation measured at a pixel comprises a spectrum comprising a sum of component spectra, and wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to unmix the spectrum.

Embodiment 221

The system of any of Embodiments 200-220, wherein the optical FPA unit includes a bolometer configured to operate without being cooled.

Embodiment 222

The system of any of Embodiments 200-221, further comprising a field reference for dynamically adjusting data output from the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 223

The system of any of Embodiments 200-222, wherein the field reference comprises an array of field stops.

Embodiment 224

The system of any of Embodiments 200-223, wherein the field reference comprises a uniform temperature across its surface.

Embodiment 225

The system of any of Embodiments 200-224, wherein the field reference is adapted to obscure or block a peripheral portion of the IR radiation propagating from the object towards the optical FPA unit.

Embodiment 226

The system of any of Embodiments 200-225, further comprising a visible light imaging sensor.

Embodiment 227

The system of any of Embodiments 200-226, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to process data received from an imaging sensor to compensate for motion-induced imaging errors.

Embodiment 228

The system of any of Embodiments 200-227, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to process data received from the visible light imaging sensor to compensate for motion-induced imaging errors.

Embodiment 229

The system of any of Embodiments 200-228, wherein the processor is configured to execute instructions stored in a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium to construct, in the single occurrence of data acquisition, a multispectral data cube of the object, the multispectral data cube comprising a number of spectrally different images of the object, each spectrally different image comprising IR image data transferred to the optical FPA unit by a corresponding optical channel.

Embodiment 230

The system of any of Embodiments 200-229, wherein the portion of the IR radiation corresponds to a region of wavelengths of the spectrum of wavelengths, the region of wavelengths at least partially overlapping another region of wavelengths transferred by another optical channel.

Embodiment 231

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical         channels, at least some of the plurality of optical channels         configured to receive IR radiation from a common object, each of         the plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical         channels comprising at least one imaging lens configured to         image the object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object, and     -   wherein the system is further configured to compare spectral         data in at least one of the plurality of optical channels         acquired at a first instant of time with spectral data in at         least one of the plurality of optical channels acquired at a         second instant of time to generate a temporal difference image.

Embodiment 232

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical         channels, at least some of the plurality of optical channels         configured to receive IR radiation from a common object, each of         the plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical         channels comprising at least one imaging lens configured to         image the object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object, and     -   wherein the system is configured to use a difference between the         multispectral optical data acquired by two optical channels to         correct parallax-induced imaging errors.

Embodiment 232

The system of Embodiment 231, wherein spectral characteristics of the two optical channels are identical.

Embodiment 233

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical         channels, at least some of the plurality of optical channels         configured to receive IR radiation from a common object, each of         the plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical         channels comprising at least one imaging lens configured to         image the object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object, and     -   wherein the system is configured to use a difference between the         multispectral optical data acquired by two optical channels to         estimate a distance between the system and the object.

Embodiment 234

The system of Embodiment 233, wherein spectral characteristics of the two optical channels are identical.

Embodiment 235

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical, at         least some of the plurality of optical channels configured to         receive IR radiation from a common object, each of the plurality         of spatially and spectrally different optical channels         comprising at least one imaging lens configured to image the         object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit;     -   a visible light imaging sensor; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object.

Embodiment 236

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical, at         least some of the plurality of optical channels configured to         receive IR radiation from a common object, each of the plurality         of spatially and spectrally different optical channels         comprising at least one imaging lens configured to image the         object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object, and     -   wherein the system is configured to compensate for         motion-induced imaging errors.

Embodiment 237

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different, at least some         of the plurality of optical channels configured to receive IR         radiation from a common object, each of the plurality of         spatially and spectrally different optical channels comprising         at least one imaging lens configured to image the object on a         Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object by cross-correlating         multispectral optical data from at least one of the optical         channels with a reference spectrum.

Embodiment 238

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical, at         least some of the plurality of optical channels configured to         receive IR radiation from a common object, each of the plurality         of spatially and spectrally different optical channels         comprising at least one imaging lens configured to image the         object on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit; and     -   processing electronics in communication with the FPA unit,     -   wherein said infrared system is configured to:     -   acquire multispectral optical data from the plurality of         different optical channels; and     -   process the multispectral optical data to detect one or more         target species present in the object by using spectral unmixing.

Embodiment 239

An infrared (IR) imaging system, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   an optical system including an optical focal plane array (FPA)         unit, the optical system includes components associated with at         least two optical channels, said at least two optical channels         being spatially and spectrally different from one another, each         of the at least two optical channels positioned to transfer IR         radiation incident on the optical system towards the optical FPA         unit, the optical FPA unit comprising at least two detector         arrays disposed at a distance from two corresponding focusing         lenses;     -   at least one thermal reference having a known temperature,         wherein one of the at least two detector arrays is configured to         image the at least one reference; and     -   a data-processing unit, said data-processing unit configured to:     -   acquire a plurality of frames with one of the at least two         detector arrays having regions in the plurality of image frames         that correspond to the image of the reference; and     -   dynamically calibrate another of the at least two detector array         to match a temperature estimate of another of the at least two         detector array with the temperature estimate of one of the at         least two detector array.

Embodiment 240

The system of any of Embodiments 1-59, wherein the plurality of cameras are configured to acquire multispectral image data from an object continuously for a duration of time.

Embodiment 241

The system of any of Embodiments 1-59, comprising at least two spectrally and spatially distinct optical channels configured to transfer two-dimensional image data of an object to the plurality of cameras.

Embodiment 242

An infrared (IR) imaging system for imaging a scene, the imaging system comprising:

-   -   an optical system comprising an optical focal plane array (FPA)         unit including a plurality of spatially and spectrally different         optical channels to transfer IR radiation from the scene towards         the optical FPA unit, each optical channel positioned to         transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the optical         system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit,     -   wherein at least one of the plurality of optical channels is in         the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range and at least another         one of the plurality of optical channels is in the         long-wavelength infrared spectral range,     -   wherein the imaging system is configured to acquire a first         video image of the scene in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral         range and a second video image of the scene in the         long-wavelength infrared spectral range.

Embodiment 243

The imaging system of Embodiment 242, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength optical channel comprises a cold stop filter.

Embodiment 244

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-243, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength optical channel comprises filter having a pass-band in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range.

Embodiment 245

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-244, further comprising processing electronics configured to extract information from the first and second video image to detect presence of one or more chemical species in the scene.

Embodiment 246

The imaging system of Embodiment 245, wherein the processing electronics are configured to compare the extracted information to one or more spectral information stored in a database.

Embodiment 247

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-246, further comprising a feedback system configured to synchronize the first and the second video image.

Embodiment 248

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-247, wherein the first and/or second video image has a frame rate between about 5 frames per second and about 120 frames per second.

Embodiment 249

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-248, wherein the processing electronics are configured to extract information from the first and/or second video image on a frame by frame basis.

Embodiment 250

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-249, wherein the processing electronics are configured to extract information from the first video and second video image and detect presence of one or more chemical species in the scene within 5 seconds from a time when imaging of the scene started.

Embodiment 251

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-250, wherein the processing electronics are configured to extract information from the first video and second video image and detect presence of one or more chemical species in the scene within 1 second from a time when imaging of the scene started.

Embodiment 252

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-251, wherein the processing electronics are configured to extract information from the first video and second video image and detect presence of one or more chemical species in the scene in sufficiently real time from a time when imaging of the scene started.

Embodiment 253

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-252, wherein the one or more chemical species are selected from the group consisting of methane, cyclopropane, alkanes, alkenes, ammonia, freon, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.

Embodiment 254

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-253, wherein the scene includes a moving gas plume.

Embodiment 255

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-254, wherein the FPA unit includes at least one mid-wavelength infra-red FPA capable of detecting mid-wavelength infra-red radiation and at least one long-wavelength infra-red FPA capable of detecting long-wavelength infra-red radiation.

Embodiment 256

The imaging system of Embodiment 255, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength infra-red FPA is cooled to a temperature below 200 degree Kelvin.

Embodiment 257

The imaging system of Embodiment 256, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength infra-red FPA is cooled to a temperature between about 110 degree Kelvin and about 150 degree Kelvin.

Embodiment 258

The imaging system of Embodiment 257, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength infra-red FPA is cooled to a temperature of about 135 degree Kelvin.

Embodiment 259

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 255-258, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength infra-red FPA is coupled to a cooler.

Embodiment 260

The imaging system of any of Embodiments claims 255-259, wherein the at least one mid-wavelength infra-red FPA and the at least one long-wavelength infra-red FPA are configured to image one more reference sources.

Embodiment 261

The imaging system of Embodiment 260, wherein each of the one more reference sources has a known temperature.

Embodiment 262

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-261, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 4.

Embodiment 263

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-262, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 5.

Embodiment 264

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-263, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 8.

Embodiment 265

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-264, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 9.

Embodiment 266

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-265, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 12.

Embodiment 267

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-266, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 13.

Embodiment 268

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-267, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is at least 20.

Embodiment 269

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 242-268, wherein a number of the plurality of optical channels is between 4 and 50.

Embodiment 270

The imaging system of any of Embodiments 255-261, wherein at least one of the plurality of optical channels comprises a spectrally selective optical element configured to receive radiation from the scene and direct a portion of the radiation in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range toward the mid-wavelength infra-red FPA and direct a portion of the radiation in the long-wavelength infrared spectral range toward the long-wavelength infra-red FPA.

Embodiment 271

A method of detecting one or more chemical species in a scene, the method comprising:

-   -   obtaining a first video image data of the scene in         mid-wavelength infrared spectral range using a mid-wavelength         infra-red FPA;     -   obtaining a second video image data of the scene in         long-wavelength infrared spectral range using a long-wavelength         infra-red FPA;

obtaining one or more spectra from the first and the second video image data; and comparing the obtained one or more spectra with one or more reference spectra stored in a database to detect one or more chemical species in the scene.

Embodiment 272

The method of Embodiment 271, wherein the first and/or the second video image data has a frame rate between about 5 frames per second and about 60 frames per second.

Embodiment 273

The method of any of Embodiments 270-272, wherein the one or more spectra are obtained using hyperspectral video analytics.

Embodiment 274

The method of any of Embodiments 270-273, wherein the one or more spectra are obtained within 5 seconds from a time when imaging of the scene begins.

Embodiment 275

The method of any of Embodiments 270-274, wherein the one or more spectra are obtained within 1 second from a time when imaging of the scene begins.

Embodiment 276

The method of any of Embodiments 270-275, wherein the one or more spectra are obtained in sufficiently real time from a time when imaging of the scene begins.

Embodiment 277

The method of any of Embodiments 270-276, wherein the one or more chemical species detected are selected from the group consisting of methane, cyclopropane, alkanes, alkenes, ammonia, freon, hydrogen cyanide sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.

Embodiment 278

The imaging system or method of any of Embodiments 242-277, wherein some of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels have a different field of view than some other of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels.

Embodiment 279

The imaging system or method of any of Embodiments 242-277, wherein some of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels have a field of view that is lower than the field of view of the system.

Embodiment 280

The imaging system or method of any of Embodiments 242-279, wherein at least two of the plurality of optical channels is in the long-wavelength infrared spectral range.

Embodiment 281

The imaging system or method of any of Embodiments 242-279, wherein a number of optical channels in the long-wavelength infrared spectral range is less than 50.

Embodiment 282

The imaging system or method of any of Embodiments 242-279, wherein at least two of the plurality of optical channels is in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range.

Embodiment 283

The imaging system or method of any of Embodiments 242-279, wherein a number of optical channels in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range is less than 50.

Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an imaging system including a common front objective lens that has a pupil divided spectrally and re-imaged with a plurality of lenses onto an infrared FPA.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment with a divided front objective lens and an array of infrared sensing FPAs.

FIG. 3A represents an embodiment employing an array of front objective lenses operably matched with the re-imaging lens array. FIG. 3B illustrates a two-dimensional array of optical components corresponding to the embodiment of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of the embodiment employing an array of field references (e.g., field stops that can be used as references for calibration) and an array of respectively corresponding relay lenses.

FIG. 5A is a diagram of a 4-by-3 pupil array comprising circular optical filters (and IR blocking material between the optical filters) used to spectrally divide an optical wavefront imaged with an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 5B is a diagram of a 4-by-3 pupil array comprising rectangular optical filters (and IR blocking material between the optical filters) used to spectrally divide an optical wavefront imaged with an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 6A depicts theoretical plots of transmission characteristics of a combination of band-pass filters used with an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 6B depicts theoretical plots of transmission characteristics of a spectrally multiplexed notch-pass filter combination used in an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 6C shows theoretical plots of transmission characteristics of spectrally multiplexed long-pass filter combination used in an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 6D shows theoretical plots of transmission characteristics of spectrally multiplexed short-pass filter combination used in an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 7 is a set of video-frames illustrating operability of an embodiment of the system used for gas detection.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are plots (on axes of wavelength in microns versus the object temperature in Celsius representing effective optical intensity of the object) illustrating results of dynamic calibration of an embodiment of the system.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a cross-sectional view of different embodiments of an imaging system comprising an arrangement of reference sources and mirrors that can be used for dynamic calibration.

FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate a plan view of different embodiments of an imaging system comprising an arrangement of reference sources and mirrors that can be used for dynamic calibration.

FIGS. 11A, 12A and 13A illustrate a plan view of different detector arrays including at least one mid-wavelength infra-red spectral FPA and at least one long-wavelength infra-red spectral FPA.

FIGS. 11B, 12B and 13B illustrate a side-view of the arrays illustrated in FIGS. 11A, 12A and 13A respectively.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate elements disposed in an optical path of an FPA.

FIG. 15 provides a visual example of the roles of the MWIR and LWIR FPAs.

FIG. 16 shows the temporal variation in the amount of radiation detected by the MWIR FPAs and LWIR FPAs imaging a scene in which the sun emerges from behind a cloud for a certain interval of time and is covered by a cloud subsequently.

FIG. 17 is a plot illustrating the hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) absorption spectrum across a large optical range above visible light wavelengths.

FIG. 18A is a plot illustrating the band-averaged spectra for H₂S in the shortwave infrared region (SWIR) as compared with other chemicals that are often found at sites to be monitored for gas leaks.

FIG. 18B is a plot illustrating the band-averaged spectra for H₂S in the mid-wave infrared region (MWIR) as compared with the other chemicals.

FIG. 18C is a plot illustrating the band-averaged spectra for H₂S in the long wave infrared region (LWIR) as compared with the other chemicals.

FIGS. 19A and 19B are plots illustrating magnified views of the band-averaged H₂S absorption spectra in the SWIR and LWIR, respectively.

FIG. 20 is a plot illustrating a further magnified view of the H₂S absorption spectra in the SWIR.

FIG. 21 is a plot illustrating the estimated photoelectron count per pixel for a SWIR measurement model under solar illumination.

FIGS. 22A-D are images showing an example experimental setup according to various embodiments.

FIG. 23 is a schematic system diagram of one embodiment of a hydrogen sulfide imaging camera (HSIC).

FIG. 24 is a schematic system diagram of a HSIC, according to another embodiment.

FIGS. 25A-25D are schematic system diagrams of various embodiments of a HSIC.

FIG. 26A is a plot illustrating the convolution of a Gaussian filter model operating in focusing space with the H₂S absorption spectrum at increasing widths of the filter passband, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 26B is a plot illustrating the convolution of the Gaussian filter model with the CO₂ absorption spectrum, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 26C is a plot illustrating the convolution of the Gaussian filter model with the CH₄ absorption spectrum, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 26D is a plot illustrating a ratio of the convolution spectra of H₂S to CO₂, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 27A is a plot illustrating the convolution of a flattop-exponential filter model (operating in collimated space) with the H₂S absorption spectrum at steadily increasing filter widths, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 27B is a plot illustrating the convolution of a flattop-exponential filter model with the CO₂ absorption spectrum, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 27C is a plot illustrating the convolution of a flattop-exponential filter model with the CH₄ absorption spectrum, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 27D is a plot illustrating a ratio of the convolution spectra of H₂S to CO₂ for the flattop-exponential filter model, according to various embodiments.

FIG. 28A is a plot illustrating the ratio of the filtered H₂S signal to the filtered CO₂ signal, magnified to show the ratio spectrum at wavelengths between 1.588 μm and 1.595 μm.

FIG. 28B is a plot illustrating the H₂S absorption spectrum magnified to show the spectrum at wavelengths between 1.588 μm and 1.595 μm.

FIG. 29 is a plot illustrating the change in filter center wavelength as a function of field of view.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is directed to certain implementations for the purposes of describing the innovative aspects of this disclosure. However, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein can be applied in a multitude of different ways. The described implementations may be implemented in any device, apparatus, or system that can be configured to operate as an imaging system such as in an infra-red imaging system. The methods and systems described herein can be included in or associated with a variety of devices such as, but not limited to devices used for visible and infrared spectroscopy, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging devices used in oil and gas exploration, refining, and transportation, agriculture, remote sensing, defense and homeland security, surveillance, astronomy, environmental monitoring, etc. The methods and systems described herein have applications in a variety of fields including but not limited to agriculture, biology, physics, chemistry, defense and homeland security, environment, oil and gas industry, etc. The teachings are not intended to be limited to the implementations depicted solely in the Figures, but instead have wide applicability as will be readily apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art.

I. Overview of Divided Aperture Infrared Spectral Imaging Systems

Various embodiments disclosed herein describe a divided-aperture infrared spectral imaging (DAISI) system that is structured and adapted to provide identification of target chemical contents of the imaged scene. The system is based on spectrally-resolved imaging and can provide such identification with a single-shot (also referred to as a snapshot) comprising a plurality of images having different wavelength compositions that are obtained generally simultaneously. Without any loss of generality, snapshot refers to a system in which most of the data elements that are collected are continuously viewing the light emitted from the scene. In contrast in scanning systems, at any given time only a minority of data elements are continuously viewing a scene, followed by a different set of data elements, and so on, until the full dataset is collected. Relatively fast operation can be achieved in a snapshot system because it does not need to use spectral or spatial scanning for the acquisition of infrared (IR) spectral signatures of the target chemical contents. Instead, IR detectors (such as, for example, infrared focal plane arrays or FPAs) associated with a plurality of different optical channels having different wavelength profiles can be used to form a spectral cube of imaging data. Although spectral data can be obtained from a single snapshot comprising multiple simultaneously acquired images corresponding to different wavelength ranges, in various embodiments, multiple snap shots may be obtained. In various embodiments, these multiple snapshots can be averaged. Similarly, in certain embodiments multiple snap shots may be obtained and a portion of these can be selected and possibly averaged. Also, in contrast to commonly used IR spectral imaging systems, the DAISI system does not require cooling. Accordingly, it can advantageously use uncooled infrared detectors. For example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 300 Kelvin. As another example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 273 Kelvin. As yet another example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 250 Kelvin. As another example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 200 Kelvin.

Implementations disclosed herein provide several advantages over existing IR spectral imaging systems, most if not all of which may require FPAs that are highly sensitive and cooled in order to compensate, during the optical detection, for the reduction of the photon flux caused by spectrum-scanning operation. The highly sensitive and cooled FPA systems are expensive and require a great deal of maintenance. Since various embodiments disclosed herein are configured to operate in single-shot acquisition mode without spatial and/or spectral scanning, the instrument can receive photons from a plurality of points (e.g., every point) of the object substantially simultaneously, during the single reading. Accordingly, the embodiments of imaging system described herein can collect a substantially greater amount of optical power from the imaged scene (for example, an order of magnitude more photons) at any given moment in time especially in comparison with spatial and/or spectral scanning systems. Consequently, various embodiments of the imaging systems disclosed herein can be operated using uncooled detectors (for example, FPA unit including an array of microbolometers) that are less sensitive to photons in the IR but are well fit for continuous monitoring applications. For example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 300 Kelvin. As another example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 273 Kelvin. As yet another example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 250 Kelvin. As another example, in various implementations, the imaging systems disclosed herein do not include detectors configured to be cooled to a temperature below 200 Kelvin. Imaging systems including uncooled detectors can be capable of operating in extreme weather conditions, require less power, are capable of operation during day and night, and are less expensive. Some embodiments described herein can also be less susceptible to motion artifacts in comparison with spatially and/or spectrally scanning systems which can cause errors in either the spectral data, spatial data, or both.

FIG. 1 provides a diagram schematically illustrating spatial and spectral division of incoming light by an embodiment 100 of a divided aperture infrared spectral imager (DAISI) system that can image an object 110 possessing IR spectral signature(s). The system 100 includes a front objective lens 124, an array of optical filters 130, an array of imaging lenses 128 and a detector array 136. In various embodiments, the detector array 136 can include a single FPA or an array of FPAs. Each detector in the detector array 136 can be disposed at the focus of each of the lenses in the array of imaging lenses 128. In various embodiments, the detector array 136 can include a plurality of photo-sensitive devices. In some embodiments, the plurality of photo-sensitive devices may comprise a two-dimensional imaging sensor array that is sensitive to radiation having wavelengths between 1 μm and 20 μm (for example, in near infra-red wavelength range, mid infra-red wavelength range, or long infra-red wavelength range). In various embodiments, the plurality of photo-sensitive devices can include CCD or CMOS sensors, bolometers, microbolometers or other detectors that are sensitive to infra-red radiation.

An aperture of the system 100 associated with the front objective lens system 124 is spatially and spectrally divided by the combination of the array of optical filters 130 and the array of imaging lenses 128. In various embodiments, the combination of the array of optical filters 130 and the array of imaging lenses 128 can be considered to form a spectrally divided pupil that is disposed forward of the optical detector array 136. The spatial and spectral division of the aperture into distinct aperture portions forms a plurality of optical channels 120 along which light propagates. In various embodiments, the array 128 of re-imaging lenses 128 a and the array of spectral filters 130 which respectively correspond to the distinct optical channels 120. The plurality of optical channels 120 can be spatially and/or spectrally distinct. The plurality of optical channels 120 can be formed in the object space and/or image space. In one implementation, the distinct channels 120 may include optical channels that are separated angularly in space. The array of spectral filters 130 may additionally include a filter-holding aperture mask (comprising, for example, IR light-blocking materials such as ceramic, metal, or plastic). Light from the object 110 (for example a cloud of gas), the optical properties of which in the IR are described by a unique absorption, reflection and/or emission spectrum, is received by the aperture of the system 100. This light propagates through each of the plurality of optical channels 120 and is further imaged onto the optical detector array 136. In various implementations, the detector array 136 can include at least one FPA. In various embodiments, each of the re-imaging lenses 128 a can be spatially aligned with a respectively-corresponding spectral region. In the illustrated implementation, each filter element from the array of spectral filters 130 corresponds to a different spectral region. Each re-imaging lens 128 a and the corresponding filter element of the array of spectral filter 130 can coincide with (or form) a portion of the divided aperture and therefore with respectively-corresponding spatial channel 120. Accordingly, in various embodiment an imaging lens 128 a and a corresponding spectral filter can be disposed in the optical path of one of the plurality of optical channels 120. Radiation from the object 110 propagating through each of the plurality of optical channels 120 travels along the optical path of each re-imaging lens 128 a and the corresponding filter element of the array of spectral filter 130 and is incident on the detector array (e.g., FPA component) 136 to form a single image (e.g., sub-image) of the object 110. The image formed by the detector array 136 generally includes a plurality of sub-images formed by each of the optical channels 120. Each of the plurality of sub-images can provide different spatial and spectral information of the object 110. The different spatial information results from some parallax because of the different spatial locations of the smaller apertures of the divided aperture. In various embodiments, adjacent sub-images can be characterized by close or substantially equal spectral signatures. The detector array (e.g., FPA component) 136 is further operably connected with a processor 150 (not shown). The processor 150 can be programmed to aggregate the data acquired with the system 100 into a spectral data cube. The data cube represents, in spatial (x, y) and spectral (λ) coordinates, an overall spectral image of the object 110 within the spectral region defined by the combination of the filter elements in the array of spectral filters 130. Additionally, in various embodiments, the processor or processing electronics 150 may be programmed to determine the unique absorption characteristic of the object 110. Also, the processor/processing electronics 150 can, alternatively or in addition, map the overall image data cube into a cube of data representing, for example, spatial distribution of concentrations, c, of targeted chemical components within the field of view associated with the object 110.

Various implementations of the embodiment 100 can include an optional moveable temperature-controlled reference source 160 including, for example, a shutter system comprising one or more reference shutters maintained at different temperatures. The reference source 160 can include a heater, a cooler or a temperature-controlled element configured to maintain the reference source 160 at a desired temperature. For example, in various implementations, the embodiment 100 can include two reference shutters maintained at different temperatures. The reference source 160 is removably and, in one implementation, periodically inserted into an optical path of light traversing the system 100 from the object 110 to the detector array (e.g., FPA component) 136 along at least one of the channels 120. The removable reference source 160 thus can block such optical path. Moreover, this reference source 160 can provide a reference IR spectrum to recalibrate various components including the detector array 136 of the system 100 in real time. The configuration of the moveable reference source 160 is further discussed below.

In the embodiment 100, the front objective lens system 124 is shown to include a single front objective lens positioned to establish a common field-of-view (FOV) for the imaging lenses 128 a and to define an aperture stop for the whole system. In this specific case, the aperture stop substantially spatially coincides with and/or is about the same size as or slightly larger than, the plurality of smaller limiting apertures corresponding to different optical channels 120. As a result, the positions for spectral filters of the different optical channels 120 coincide with the position of the aperture stop of the whole system, which in this example is shown as a surface between the lens system 124 and the array 128 of the imaging lenses 128 a. In various implementations, the lens system 124 can be an objective lens 124. However, the objective lens 124 is optional and various embodiments of the system 100 need not include the objective lens 124. In various embodiments, the objective lens 124 can slightly shift the images obtained by the different detectors in the array 136 spatially along a direction perpendicular to optical axis of the lens 124, thus the functionality of the system 100 is not necessarily compromised when the objective lens 124 is not included. Generally, however, the field apertures corresponding to different optical channels may be located in the same or different planes. These field apertures may be defined by the aperture of the imaging lens 128 a and/or filters in the divided aperture 130 in certain implementations. In one implementation, the field apertures corresponding to different optical channels can be located in different planes and the different planes can be optical conjugates of one another. Similarly, while all of the filter elements in the array of spectral filters 130 of the embodiment 100 are shown to lie in one plane, generally different filter elements of the array of spectral filter 130 can be disposed in different planes. For example, different filter elements of the array of spectral filters 130 can be disposed in different planes that are optically conjugate to one another. However, in other embodiments, the different filter elements can be disposed in non-conjugate planes.

In contrast to the embodiment 100, the front objective lens 124 need not be a single optical element, but instead can include a plurality of lenses 224 as shown in an embodiment 200 of the DAISI imaging system in FIG. 2. These lenses 224 are configured to divide an incoming optical wavefront from the object 110. For example, the array of front objective lenses 224 can be disposed so as to receive an IR wavefront emitted by the object that is directed toward the DAISI system. The plurality of front objective lenses 224 divide the wavefront spatially into non-overlapping sections. FIG. 2 shows three objective lenses 224 in a front optical portion of the optical system contributing to the spatial division of the aperture of the system in this example. The plurality of objective lenses 224, however, can be configured as a two-dimensional (2D) array of lenses. FIG. 2 presents a general view of the imaging system 200 and the resultant field of view of the imaging system 200. An exploded view 202 of the imaging system 200 is also depicted in greater detail in a figure inset of FIG. 2. As illustrated in the detailed view 202, the embodiment of the imaging system 200 includes a field reference 204 at the front end of the system. The field reference 204 can be used to truncate the field of view. The configuration illustrated in FIG. 2 has an operational advantage over embodiment 100 of FIG. 1 in that the overall size and/or weight and/or cost of manufacture of the embodiment 200 can be greatly reduced because the objective lens is smaller. Each pair of the lenses in the array 224 and the array 128 is associated with a field of view (FOV). Each pair of lenses in the array 224 and the array 128 receives light from the object from a different angle. Accordingly, the FOV of the different pairs of lenses in the array 224 and the array 128 do not completely overlap as a result of parallax. As the distance between the imaging system 200 (portion 202) and the object 110 increases, the overlapping region 230 between the FOVs of the individual lenses 224 increases while the amount of parallax 228 remains approximately the same, thereby reducing its effect on the system 200. When the ratio of the parallax-to-object-distance is substantially equal to the pixel-size-to-system-focal-length ratio then the parallax effect may be considered to be negligible and, for practical purposes, no longer distinguishable. While the lenses 224 are shown to be disposed substantially in the same plane, optionally different objective lenses in the array of front objective lenses 224 can be disposed in more than one plane. For example, some of the individual lenses 224 can be displaced with respect to some other individual lenses 224 along the axis 226 (not shown) and/or have different focal lengths as compared to some other lenses 224. As discussed below, the field reference 204 can be useful in calibrating the multiple detectors 236.

In one implementation, the front objective lens system such as the array of lenses 224 is configured as an array of lenses integrated or molded in association with a monolithic substrate. Such an arrangement can reduce the costs and complexity otherwise accompanying the optical adjustment of individual lenses within the system. An individual lens 224 can optionally include a lens with varying magnification. As one example, a pair of thin and large diameter Alvarez plates can be used in at least a portion of the front objective lens system. Without any loss of generality, the Alvarez plates can produce a change in focal length when translated orthogonally with respect to the optical beam.

In further reference to FIG. 1, the detector array 136 (e.g., FPA component) configured to receive the optical data representing spectral signature(s) of the imaged object 110 can be configured as a single imaging array (e.g., FPA) 136. This single array may be adapted to acquire more than one image (formed by more than one optical channel 120) simultaneously. Alternatively, the detector array 136 may include a FPA unit. In various implementations, the FPA unit can include a plurality of optical FPAs. At least one of these plurality of FPAs can be configured to acquire more than one spectrally distinct image of the imaged object. For example, as shown in the embodiment 200 of FIG. 2, in various embodiments, the number of FPAs included in the FPA unit may correspond to the number of the front objective lenses 224. In the embodiment 200 of FIG. 2, for example, three FPAs 236 are provided corresponding to the three objective lenses 224. In one implementation of the system, the FPA unit can include an array of microbolometers. The use of multiple microbolometers advantageously allows for an inexpensive way to increase the total number of detection elements (i.e. pixels) for recording of the three-dimensional data cube in a single acquisition event (i.e. one snapshot). In various embodiments, an array of microbolometers more efficiently utilizes the detector pixels of the array of FPAs (e.g., each FPA) as the number of unused pixels is reduced, minimized and/or eliminated between the images that may exist when using a single microbolometer.

FIG. 3A illustrates schematically an embodiment 300 of the imaging system in which the number of the front objective lenses 324 a in the lens array 324, the number of re-imaging lenses 128 a in the lens array 128, and the number of FPAs 336 are the same. So configured, each combination of respectively corresponding front objective lens 324, re-imaging lens 128 a, and FPAs 336 constitutes an individual imaging channel. Such a channel is associated with acquisition of the IR light transmitted from the object 110 through an individual filter element of the array of optical filters 130. A field reference 338 of the system 300 is configured to have a uniform temperature across its surface and be characterized by a predetermined spectral curve of radiation emanating therefrom. In various implementations, the field reference 338 can be used as a calibration target to assist in calibrating or maintaining calibration of the FPA. Accordingly, in various implementations, the field reference 338 is used for dynamically adjusting the data output from each FPA 336 after acquisition of light from the object 110. This dynamic calibration process helps provide that output of the different (e.g., most, or each of the) FPA 336 represents correct acquired data, with respect to the other FPAs 336 for analysis, as discussed below in more detail.

FIG. 3B illustrates the plan view perpendicular to the axis 226 of an embodiment 300 of the imaging system illustrated in FIG. 3A. For the embodiment shown in FIG. 3B, the optical components (e.g., objective lenses 324 a, filter elements of the array of spectral filters 130, re-imaging lenses 128 a and FPA units 336) are arranged as a 4×3 array. In one implementation, the 4×3 array 340 of optical components (lenses 324 a, 128 a; detector elements 336) is used behind the temperature controlled reference target 160. The field reference aperture 338 can be adapted to obscure and/or block a peripheral portion of the bundle of light propagating from the object 110 towards the FPA units 336. As a result, the field reference 338 obscures and/or blocks the border or peripheral portion(s) of the images of the object 110 formed on the FPA elements located along the perimeter 346 of the detector system. Generally, two elements of the FPA unit will produce substantially equal values of digital counts when they are used to observe the same portion of the scene in the same spectral region using the same optical train. If any of these input parameters (for example, scene to be observed, spectral content of light from the scene, or optical elements delivering light from the scene to the two detector elements) differ, the counts associated with the elements of the FPA unit will differ as well. Accordingly, and as an example, in a case when the two FPAs of the FPA unit 336 (such as those denoted as #6 and #7 in FIG. 3B) remain substantially un-obscured by the field reference 338, the outputs from these FPAs can be dynamically adjusted to the output from one of the FPAs located along perimeter 346 (such as, for example, the FPA element #2 or FPA element #11) that processes light having similar spectral characteristics.

FIG. 4 illustrates schematically a portion of another embodiment of an imaging system 400 that contains an array 424 of front objective lenses 424 a. The array 424 of lenses 424 a adapted to receive light from the object 110 and relay the received light to the array 128 of re-imaging lenses 128 a through an array 438 of field references (or field stops) 438 a, and through an array 440 of the relay lenses. The spectral characteristics of the field references/field stops 438 a can be known. The field references 438 a are disposed at corresponding intermediate image planes defined, with respect to the object 110, by respectively corresponding front objective lenses 424 a. When refractive characteristics of all of the front objective lenses 424 a are substantially the same, all of the field references 438 a are disposed in the same plane. A field reference 438 a of the array 438 obscures (or casts a shadow on) a peripheral region of a corresponding image (e.g., sub-image) formed at the detector plane 444 through a respectively corresponding spatial imaging channel 450 of the system 400 prior to such image being spectrally processed by the processor 150. The array 440 of relay lenses then transmits light along each of the imaging channels 450 through different spectral filters 454 a of the filter array 454, past the calibration apparatus that includes two temperature controlled shutters 460 a, 460 b, and then onto the detector module 456. In various embodiments, the detector module 456 can include a microbolometer array or some other IR FPA.

The embodiment 400 has several operational advantages. It is configured to provide a spectrally known object within every image (e.g., sub-image) and for every snapshot acquisition which can be calibrated against. Such spectral certainty can be advantageous when using an array of IR FPAs like microbolometers, the detection characteristics of which can change from one imaging frame to the next due to, in part, changes in the scene being imaged as well as the thermal effects caused by neighboring FPAs. In various embodiments, the field reference array 438 of the embodiment 400 can be disposed within the Rayleigh range (approximately corresponding to the depth of focus) associated with the front objective lenses 424, thereby removing unusable blurred pixels due to having the field reference outside of this range. Additionally, the embodiment 400 of FIG. 4 can be more compact than, for example, the configuration 300 of FIG. 3A. In the system shown in FIG. 3A, for example, the field reference 338 may be separated from the lens array 324 by a distance greater than several (for example, five) focal lengths to minimize/reduce blur contributed by the field reference to an image formed at a detector plane.

In various embodiments, the multi-optical FPA unit of the IR imaging system can additionally include an FPA configured to operate in a visible portion of the spectrum. In reference to FIG. 1, for example, an image of the scene of interest formed by such visible-light FPA may be used as a background to form a composite image by overlapping an IR image with the visible-light image. The IR image may be overlapped virtually, with the use of a processor and specifically-designed computer program product enabling such data processing, or actually, by a viewer. The IR image may be created based on the image data acquired by the individual FPAs 136. The so-formed composite image facilitates the identification of the precise spatial location of the target species, the spectral signatures of which the system is able to detect/recognize.

Optical Filters.

The optical filters, used with an embodiment of the system, that define spectrally-distinct IR image (e.g., sub-image) of the object can employ absorption filters, interference filters, and Fabry-Perot etalon based filters, to name just a few. When interference filters are used, the image acquisition through an individual imaging channel defined by an individual re-imaging lens (such as a lens 128 a of FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4) may be carried out in a single spectral bandwidth or multiple spectral bandwidths. Referring again to the embodiments 100, 200, 300, 400 of FIGS. 1 through 4, and in further reference to FIG. 3B, examples of a 4-by-3 array of spectral filters 130 is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. Individual filters 1 through 12 are juxtaposed with a supporting opto-mechanical element (not shown) to define a filter-array plane that is oriented, in operation, substantially perpendicularly to the general optical axis 226 of the imaging system. In various implementations, the individual filters 1 through 12 need not be discrete optical components. Instead, the individual filters 1 through 12 can comprise one or more coatings that are applied to one or more surfaces of the imaging lenses (such as a lens 128 a of FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4) or the surfaces of one or more detectors.

The optical filtering configuration of various embodiments disclosed herein may advantageously use a bandpass filter defining a specified spectral band. Any of the filters 0 a through 3 a, the transmission curves of which are shown in FIG. 6A may, for example, be used. The filters may be placed in front of the optical FPA (or generally, between the optical FPA and the object). In particular, and in further reference to FIGS. 1, 2 3, and 4, when optical detector arrays 136, 236, 336, 456 include microbolometers, the predominant contribution to noise associated with image acquisition is due to detector noise. To compensate and/or reduce the noise, various embodiments disclosed herein utilize spectrally-multiplexed filters. In various implementations, the spectrally-multiplexed filters can comprise a plurality of long pass filters, a plurality long pass filters, a plurality of band pass filters and any combinations thereof. An example of the spectral transmission characteristics of spectrally-multiplexed filters 0 b through 3 d for use with various embodiments of imaging systems disclosed herein is depicted in FIG. 6B. Filters of FIG. 6C can be referred to as long-wavelength pass, LP filters. An LP filter generally attenuates shorter wavelengths and transmits (passes) longer wavelengths (e.g., over the active range of the target IR portion of the spectrum). In various embodiments, short-wavelength-pass filters, SP, may also be used. An SP filter generally attenuates longer wavelengths and transmits (passes) shorter wavelengths (e.g., over the active range of the target IR portion of the spectrum). At least in part due to the snap-shot/non-scanning mode of operation, embodiments of the imaging system described herein can use less sensitive microbolometers without compromising the SNR. The use of microbolometers, as detector-noise-limited devices, in turn not only benefits from the use of spectrally multiplexed filters, but also does not require cooling of the imaging system during normal operation.

Referring again to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D, each of the filters (0 b . . . 3 d) transmits light in a substantially wider region of the electromagnetic spectrum as compared to those of the filters (0 a . . . 3 a). Accordingly, when the spectrally-multiplexed set of filters (0 b . . . 0 d) is used with an embodiment of the imaging system, the overall amount of light received by the FPAs (for example, 236, 336) is larger than would be received when using the bandpass filters (0 a . . . 4 a). This “added” transmission of light defined by the use of the spectrally-multiplexed LP (or SP) filters facilitates an increase of the signal on the FPAs above the level of the detector noise. Additionally, by using, in an embodiment of the imaging system, filters having spectral bandwidths greater than those of band-pass filters, the uncooled FPAs of the embodiment of the imaging system experience less heating from radiation incident thereon from the imaged scene and from radiation emanating from the FPA in question itself. This reduced heating is due to a reduction in the back-reflected thermal emission(s) coming from the FPA and reflecting off of the filter from the non-band-pass regions. As the transmission region of the multiplexed LP (or SP) filters is wider, such parasitic effects are reduced thereby improving the overall performance of the FPA unit.

In one implementation, the LP and SP filters can be combined, in a spectrally-multiplexed fashion, in order to increase or maximize the spectral extent of the transmission region of the filter system of the embodiment.

The advantage of using spectrally multiplexed filters is appreciated based on the following derivation, in which a system of M filters is examined (although it is understood that in practice an embodiment of the invention can employ any number of filters). As an illustrative example, the case of M=7 is considered. Analysis presented below relates to one spatial location in each of the images (e.g., sub-images) formed by the differing imaging channels (e.g., different optical channels 120) in the system. A similar analysis can be performed for each point at an image (e.g., sub-image), and thus the analysis can be appropriately extended as required.

The unknown amount of light within each of the M spectral channels (corresponding to these M filters) is denoted with f₁, f₂, f₃, . . . f_(M), and readings from corresponding detector elements receiving light transmitted by each filter is denoted as g₁, g₂, g₃ . . . g_(M), while measurement errors are represented by n₁, n₂, n₃, . . . n_(M). Then, the readings at the seven FPA pixels each of which is optically filtered by a corresponding band-pass filter of FIG. 6A can be represented by: g ₁ =f ₁ +n ₁, g ₂ =f ₂ +n ₂, g ₃ =f ₃ +n ₃, g ₄ =f ₄ +n ₄, g ₅ =f ₅ +n ₅, g ₆ =f ₆ +n ₆, g ₇ =f ₇ +n ₇,

These readings (pixel measurements) g_(i) are estimates of the spectral intensities f_(i). The estimates g_(i) are not equal to the corresponding f_(i) values because of the measurement errors n_(i). However, if the measurement noise distribution has zero mean, then the ensemble mean of each individual measurement can be considered to be equal to the true value, i.e.

g_(i)

=f_(i). Here, the angle brackets indicate the operation of calculating the ensemble mean of a stochastic variable. The variance of the measurement can, therefore, be represented as:

(g _(i) −f _(i))²

=

n _(i) ²

=σ²

In embodiments utilizing spectrally-multiplexed filters, in comparison with the embodiments utilizing band-pass filters, the amount of radiant energy transmitted by each of the spectrally-multiplexed LP or SP filters towards a given detector element can exceed that transmitted through a spectral band of a band-pass filter. In this case, the intensities of light corresponding to the independent spectral bands can be reconstructed by computational means. Such embodiments can be referred to as a “multiplex design”.

One matrix of such “multiplexed filter” measurements includes a Hadamard matrix requiring “negative” filters that may not be necessarily appropriate for the optical embodiments disclosed herein. An S-matrix approach (which is restricted to having a number of filters equal to an integer that is multiple of four minus one) or a row-doubled Hadamard matrix (requiring a number of filters to be equal to an integer multiple of eight) can be used in various embodiments. Here, possible numbers of filters using an S-matrix setup are 3, 7, 11, etc and, if a row-doubled Hadamard matrix setup is used, then the possible number of filters is 8, 16, 24, etc. For example, the goal of the measurement may be to measure seven spectral band f_(i) intensities using seven measurements g_(i) as follows: g ₁ =f ₁+0+f ₃+0+f ₅+0+f ₇ +n ₁, g ²=0+f ₂ +f ₃+0+0+f ₆ +f ₇ +n ₂ g ₃ =+f ₂+0+0+f ₅+0+f ₇ +n ₃ g ₄=0+0+0+f ₄ +f ₅ +f ₇ +f ₈ +n ₄ g ₅ =f ₁+0+f ₃ +f ₄ ++f ₆+0+n ₅ g ₆=0+f ₂ +f ₃ ++f ₅+0+0+n ₆ g ₇ =f ₁ +f ₂+0+f ₄+0+0+f ₇ +n ₇

Optical transmission characteristics of the filters described above are depicted in FIG. 6B. Here, a direct estimate of the f_(i) is no longer provided through a relationship similar to

g_(i)

=f_(i). Instead, if a “hat” notation is used to denote an estimate of a given value, then a linear combination of the measurements can be used such as, for example, {circumflex over (f)} ₁=¼(+g ₁ −g ₂ +g ₃ −g ₄ +g ₅ −g ₆ +g ₇), {circumflex over (f)} ₂=¼(−g ₁ +g ₂ +g ₃ −g ₄ +g ₅ +g ₆ +g ₇), {circumflex over (f)} ₃=¼(+g ₁ +g ₂ −g ₃ −g ₄ +g ₅ +g ₆ −g ₇), {circumflex over (f)} ₄=¼(−g ₁ −g ₂ −g ₃ +g ₄ +g ₅ +g ₆ +g ₇), {circumflex over (f)} ₅=¼(+g ₁ −g ₂ +g ₃ +g ₄ −g ₅ +g ₆ −g ₇), {circumflex over (f)} ₆=¼(−g ₁ +g ₂ +g ₃ +g ₄ +g ₅ −g ₆ −g ₇), {circumflex over (f)} ₇=¼(+g ₁ +g ₂ −g ₃ +g ₄ −g ₅ −g ₆ +g ₇),

These {circumflex over (f)}_(i) are unbiased estimates when the n_(i) are zero mean stochastic variables, so that

{circumflex over (f)}_(i)−f_(i)

=0. The measurement variance corresponding to i^(th) measurement is given by the equation below:

({circumflex over (f)} _(i) −f _(i))²

= 7/16σ²

From the above equation, it is observed that by employing spectrally-multiplexed system the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a measurement is improved by a factor of √{square root over (16/7)}=1.51.

For N channels, the SNR improvement achieved with a spectrally-multiplexed system can be expressed as (N+1)/(2√{square root over (N)}). For example, an embodiment employing 12 spectral channels (N=12) is characterized by a SNR improvement, over a non-spectrally-multiplexed system, comprising a factor of up to 1.88.

Two additional examples of related spectrally-multiplexed filter arrangements 0 c through 3 c and 0 d through 3 _(d) that can be used in various embodiments of the imaging systems described herein are shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D, respectively. The spectrally-multiplexed filters shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D can be used in embodiments of imaging systems employing uncooled FPAs (such as microbolometers). FIG. 6C illustrates a set of spectrally-multiplexed long-wavelength pass (LP) filters used in the system. An LP filter generally attenuates shorter wavelengths and transmits (passes) longer wavelengths (e.g., over the active range of the target IR portion of the spectrum). A single spectral channel having a transmission characteristic corresponding to the difference between the spectral transmission curves of at least two of these LP filters can be used to procure imaging data for the data cube using an embodiment of the system described herein. In various implementations, the spectral filters disposed with respect to the different FPAs can have different spectral characteristics. In various implementations, the spectral filters may be disposed in front of only some of the FPAs while the remaining FPAs may be configured to receive unfiltered light. For example, in some implementations, only 9 of the 12 detectors in the 4×3 array of detectors described above may be associated with a spectral filter while the other 3 detectors may be configured to received unfiltered light. Such a system may be configured to acquire spectral data in 10 different spectral channels in a single data acquisition event.

The use of microbolometers, as detector-noise-limited devices, in turn not only can benefit from the use of spectrally multiplexed filters, but also does not require cooling of the imaging system during normal operation. In contrast to imaging systems that include highly sensitive FPA units with reduced noise characteristics, the embodiments of imaging systems described herein can employ less sensitive microbolometers without compromising the SNR. This result is at least in part due to the snap-shot/non-scanning mode of operation.

As discussed above, an embodiment may optionally, and in addition to a temperature-controlled reference unit (for example temperature controlled shutters such as shutters 160; 460 a, 460 b), employ a field reference component (e.g., field reference aperture 338 in FIG. 3A), or an array of field reference components (e.g., filed reference apertures 438 in FIG. 4), to enable dynamic calibration. Such dynamic calibration can be used for spectral acquisition of one or more or every data cube. Such dynamic calibration can also be used for a spectrally-neutral camera-to-camera combination to enable dynamic compensation of parallax artifacts. The use of the temperature-controlled reference unit (for example, temperature-controlled shutter system 160) and field-reference component(s) facilitates maintenance of proper calibration of each of the FPAs individually and the entire FPA unit as a whole.

In particular, and in further reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the temperature-controlled unit generally employs a system having first and second temperature zones maintained at first and second different temperatures. For example, shutter system of each of the embodiments 100, 200, 300 and 400 can employ not one but at least two temperature-controlled shutters that are substantially parallel to one another and transverse to the general optical axis 226 of the embodiment(s) 100, 200, 300, 400. Two shutters at two different temperatures may be employed to provide more information for calibration; for example, the absolute value of the difference between FPAs at one temperature as well as the change in that difference with temperature change can be recorded. Referring, for example, to FIG. 4, in which such multi-shutter structure is shown, the use of multiple shutters enables the user to create a known reference temperature difference perceived by the FPAs 456. This reference temperature difference is provided by the IR radiation emitted by the shutter(s) 460 a, 460 b when these shutters are positioned to block the radiation from the object 110. As a result, not only the offset values corresponding to each of the individual FPAs pixels can be adjusted but also the gain values of these FPAs. In an alternative embodiment, the system having first and second temperature zones may include a single or multi-portion piece. This single or multi-portion piece may comprise for example a plate. This piece may be mechanically-movable across the optical axis with the use of appropriate guides and having a first portion at a first temperature and a second portion at a second temperature.

Indeed, the process of calibration of an embodiment of the imaging system starts with estimating gain and offset by performing measurements of radiation emanating, independently, from at least two temperature-controlled shutters of known and different radiances. The gain and offset can vary from detector pixel to detector pixel. Specifically, first the response of the detector unit 456 to radiation emanating from one shutter is carried out. For example, the first shutter 460 a blocks the FOV of the detectors 456 and the temperature T₁ is measured directly and independently with thermistors. Following such initial measurement, the first shutter 460 a is removed from the optical path of light traversing the embodiment and another second shutter (for example, 460 b) is inserted in its place across the optical axis 226 to prevent the propagation of light through the system. The temperature of the second shutter 460 b can be different than the first shutter (T₂≠T₁). The temperature of the second shutter 460 b is also independently measured with thermistors placed in contact with this shutter, and the detector response to radiation emanating from the shutter 460 b is also recorded. Denoting operational response of FPA pixels (expressed in digital numbers, or “counts”) as g_(i) to a source of radiance L_(i), the readings corresponding to the measurements of the two shutters can be expressed as: g ₁ =γL ₁(T ₁)+g _(offset) g ₂ =γL ₂(T ₂)+g _(offset)

Here, g_(offset) is the pixel offset value (in units of counts), and γ is the pixel gain value (in units of counts per radiance unit). The solutions of these two equations with respect to the two unknowns g_(offset) and γ can be obtained if the values of g₁ and g₂ and the radiance values L₁ and L₂ are available. These values can, for example, be either measured by a reference instrument or calculated from the known temperatures T₁ and T₂ together with the known spectral response of the optical system and FPA. For any subsequent measurement, one can then invert the equation(s) above in order to estimate the radiance value of the object from the detector measurement, and this can be done for each pixel in each FPA within the system.

As already discussed, and in reference to FIGS. 1 through 4, the field-reference apertures may be disposed in an object space or image space of the optical system, and dimensioned to block a particular portion of the IR radiation received from the object. In various implementations, the field-reference aperture, the opening of which can be substantially similar in shape to the boundary of the filter array (for example, and in reference to a filter array of FIGS. 3B, 5B—e.g., rectangular). The field-reference aperture can be placed in front of the objective lens (124, 224, 324, 424) at a distance that is at least several times (in one implementation—at least five times) larger than the focal length of the lens such that the field-reference aperture is placed closer to the object. Placing the field-reference aperture closer to the object can reduce the blurriness of the image. In the embodiment 400 of FIG. 4, the field-reference aperture can be placed within the depth of focus of an image conjugate plane formed by the front objective lens 424. The field reference, generally, can facilitate, effectuates and/or provides dynamic compensation in the system by providing a spectrally known and temporally-stable object within every scene to reference and stabilize the output from the different FPAs in the array.

Because each FPA's offset value is generally adjusted from each frame to the next frame by the hardware, comparing the outputs of one FPA with another can have an error that is not compensated for by the static calibration parameters g_(offset) and γ established, for example, by the movable shutters 160, 460 a, 460 b. In order to ensure that FPAs operate in radiometric agreement over time, it is advantageous for a portion of each detector array to view a reference source (such as the field reference 338 in FIG. 3A, for example) over a plurality of frames obtained over time. If the reference source spectrum is known a priori (such as a blackbody source at a known temperature), one can measure the response of each FPA to the reference source in order to estimate changes to the pixel offset value. However, the temperature of the reference source need not be known. In such implementations, dynamic calibration of the different detectors can be performed by monitoring the change in the gain and the offset for the various detectors from the time the movable shutters used for static calibration are removed. An example calculation of the dynamic offset proceeds as follows.

Among the FPA elements in an array of FPAs in an embodiment of the imaging system, one FPA can be selected to be the “reference FPA”. The field reference temperature measured by all the other FPAs can be adjusted to agree with the field reference temperature measured by the reference as discussed below. The image obtained by each FPA includes a set of pixels obscured by the field reference 338. Using the previously obtained calibration parameters g_(offset) and γ (the pixel offset and gain), the effective blackbody temperature T_(i) of the field reference as measured by each FPA is estimated using the equation below: T _(i)=mean{(g+Δg _(i) +g _(offset)/γ}=mean{(g−g _(offset))/γ}+ΔT _(i)

Using the equation above, the mean value over all pixels that are obscured by the field reference is obtained. In the above equation Δg_(i) is the difference in offset value of the current frame from Δg_(offset) obtained during the calibration step. For the reference FPA, Δg_(i) can be simply set to zero. Then, using the temperature differences measured by each FPA, one obtains T _(i) −T _(ref)=mean{(g+Δg _(i) +g _(offset) /γ}+ΔT _(i)−mean{(g−g _(offset))/γ}=ΔT _(i)

Once ΔT_(i) for each FPA is measured, its value can be subtracted from each image in order to force operational agreement between such FPA and the reference FPA. While the calibration procedure has been discussed above in reference to calibration of temperature, a procedurally similar methodology of calibration with respect to radiance value can also be implemented.

Examples of Methodology of Measurements

Prior to optical data acquisition using an embodiment of the IR imaging system as described herein, one or more, most, or potentially all the FPAs of the system can be calibrated. For example, greater than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the FPAs 336 can be initially calibrated. As shown in FIG. 3A, these FPAs 336 may form separate images of the object using light delivered in a corresponding optical channel that may include the combination of the corresponding front objective and re-imaging lenses 324, 128. The calibration procedure can allow formation of individual images in equivalent units (so that, for example, the reading from the FPA pixels can be re-calculated in units of temperature or radiance units, etc.). Moreover, the calibration process can also allow the FPAs (e.g., each of the FPAs) to be spatially co-registered with one another so that a given pixel of a particular FPA can be optically re-mapped through the optical system to the same location at the object as the corresponding pixel of another FPA.

To achieve at least some of these goals, a spectral differencing method may be employed. The method involves forming a difference image from various combinations of the images from different channels. In particular, the images used to form difference images can be registered by two or more different FPAs in spectrally distinct channels having different spectral filters with different spectral characteristics. Images from different channels having different spectral characteristics will provide different spectral information. Comparing (e.g., subtracting) these images, can therefore yield valuable spectral based information. For example, if the filter element of the array of spectral filters 130 corresponding to a particular FPA 336 transmits light from the object 110 including a cloud of gas, for example, with a certain spectrum that contains the gas absorption peak or a gas emission peak while another filter element of the array of spectral filters 130 corresponding to another FPA 336 does not transmit such spectrum, then the difference between the images formed by the two FPAs at issue will highlight the presence of gas in the difference image.

A shortcoming of the spectral differencing method is that contributions of some auxiliary features associated with imaging (not just the target species such as gas itself) can also be highlighted in and contribute to the difference image. Such contributing effects include, to name just a few, parallax-induced imaging of edges of the object, influence of magnification differences between the two or more optical channels, and differences in rotational positioning and orientation between the FPAs. While magnification-related errors and FPA-rotation-caused errors can be compensated for by increasing the accuracy of the instrument construction as well as by post-processing of the acquired imaging, parallax is scene-induced and is not so easily correctable. In addition, the spectral differencing method is vulnerable to radiance calibration errors. Specifically, if one FPA registers radiance of light from a given feature of the object as having a temperature of 40° C., for example, while the data from another FPA represents the temperature of the same object feature as being 39° C., then such feature of the object will be enhanced or highlighted in the difference image (formed at least in part based on the images provided by these two FPAs) due to such radiance-calibration error.

One solution to some of such problems is to compare (e.g., subtract) images from the same FPA obtained at different instances in time. For example, images can be compared to or subtracted from a reference image obtained at another time. Such reference image, which is subtracted from other later obtained images, may be referred to as a temporal reference image. This solution can be applied to spectral difference images as well. For example, the image data resulting from spectral difference images can be normalized by the data corresponding to a temporal reference image. For instance, the temporal reference images can be subtracted from the spectral difference image to obtain the temporal difference image. This process is referred to, for the purposes of this disclosure, as a temporal differencing algorithm or method and the resultant image from subtracting the temporal reference image from another image (such as the spectral difference image) is referred to as the temporal difference image. In some embodiments where spectral differencing is employed, a temporal reference image may be formed, for example, by creating a spectral difference image from the two or more images registered by the two or more FPAs at a single instance in time. This spectral difference image is then used as a temporal reference image. The temporal reference image can then be subtracted from other later obtained images to provide normalization that can be useful in subtracting out or removing various errors or deleterious effects. For example, the result of the algorithm is not affected by a prior knowledge of whether the object or scene contains a target species (such as gas of interest), because the algorithm can highlight changes in the scene characteristics. Thus, a spectral difference image can be calculated from multiple spectral channels as discussed above based on a snap-shot image acquisition at any later time and can be subtracted from the temporal reference image to form a temporal difference image. This temporal difference image is thus a normalized difference image. The difference between the two images (the temporal difference image) can highlight the target species (gas) within the normalized difference image, since this species was not present in the temporal reference frame. In various embodiments, more than two FPAs can be used both for registering the temporal reference image and a later-acquired difference image to obtain a better SNR figure of merit. For example, if two FPAs are associated with spectral filters having the same spectral characteristic, then the images obtained by the two FPAs can be combined after they have been registered to get a better SNR figure.

While the temporal differencing method can be used to reduce or eliminate some of the shortcomings of the spectral differencing, it can introduce unwanted problems of its own. For example, temporal differencing of imaging data is less sensitive to calibration and parallax induced errors than the spectral differencing of imaging data. However, any change in the imaged scene that is not related to the target species of interest (such as particular gas, for example) is highlighted in a temporally-differenced image. Thus such change in the imaged scene may be erroneously perceived as a location of the target species triggering, therefore, an error in detection of target species. For example, if the temperature of the background against which the gas is being detected changes (due to natural cooling down as the day progresses, or increases due to a person or animal or another object passing through the FOV of the IR imaging system), then such temperature change produces a signal difference as compared to the measurement taken earlier in time. Accordingly, the cause of the scenic temperature change (the cooling object, the person walking, etc.) may appear as the detected target species (such as gas). It follows, therefore, that an attempt to compensate for operational differences among the individual FPAs of a multi-FPA IR imaging system with the use of methods that turn on spectral or temporal differencing can cause additional problems leading to false detection of target species. Among these problems are scene-motion-induced detection errors and parallax-caused errors that are not readily correctable and/or compensatable. Accordingly, there is a need to compensate for image data acquisition and processing errors caused by motion of elements within the scene being imaged. Various embodiments of data processing algorithms described herein address and fulfill the need to compensate for such motion-induced and parallax-induced image detection errors.

In particular, to reduce or minimize parallax-induced differences between the images produced with two or more predetermined FPAs, another difference image can be used that is formed from the images of at least two different FPAs to estimate parallax effects. Parallax error can be determined by comparing the images from two different FPAs where the position between the FPAs is known. The parallax can be calculated from the known relative position difference. Differences between the images from these two FPAs can be attributed to parallax, especially, if the FPA have the same spectral characteristics, for example have the same spectral filter or both have no spectral filters. Parallax error correction, however, can still be obtained from two FPAs that have different spectral characteristics or spectral filters, especially if the different spectral characteristics, e.g., the transmission spectra of the respective filters are known and/or negligible. Use of more than two FPAs or FPAs of different locations such as FPAs spaced farther apart can be useful. For example, when the spectral differencing of the image data is performed with the use of the difference between the images collected by the outermost two cameras in the array (such as, for example, the FPAs corresponding to filters 2 and 3 of the array of filters of FIG. 5A), a difference image referred to as a “difference image 2-3” is formed. In this case, the alternative “difference image 1-4” is additionally formed from the image data acquired by, for example, the alternative FPAs corresponding to filters 1 and 4 of FIG. 5A. Assuming or ensuring that both of these two alternative FPAs have approximately the same spectral sensitivity to the target species, the alternative “difference image 1-4” will highlight pixels corresponding to parallax-induced features in the image. Accordingly, based on positive determination that the same pixels are highlighted in the spectral “difference image 2-3” used for target species detection, a conclusion can be made that the image features corresponding to these pixels are likely to be induced by parallax and not the presence of target species in the imaged scene. It should be noted that compensation of parallax can also be performed using images created by individual re-imaging lenses, 128 a, when using a single FPA or multiple FPA's as discussed above. FPAs spaced apart from each other in different directions can also be useful. Greater than 2, for example, 3 or 4, or more FPAs can be used to establish parallax for parallax correction. In certain embodiments two central FPAs and one corner FPA are used for parallax correction. These FPA may, in certain embodiments, have substantially similar or the same spectral characteristics, for example, have filters having similar or the same transmission spectrum or have no filter at all.

Another capability of the embodiments described herein is the ability to perform the volumetric estimation of a gas cloud. This can be accomplished by using (instead of compensating or negating) the parallax induced effects described above. In this case, the measured parallax between two or more similar spectral response images (e.g., two or more channels or FPAs) can be used to estimate a distance between the imaging system and the gas cloud or between the imaging system and an object in the field of view of the system. The parallax induced transverse image shift, d, between two images is related to the distance, z, between the cloud or object 110 and the imaging system according to the equation z=−sz′/d. Here, s, is the separation between two similar spectral response images, and z′ is the distance to the image plane from the back lens. The value for z′ is typically approximately equal to the focal length f of the lens of the imaging system. Once the distance z between the cloud and the imaging system is calculated, the size of the gas cloud can be determined based on the magnification, m=f/z, where each image pixel on the gas cloud, Δx′, corresponds to a physical size in object space Δx=Δx′/m. To estimate the volume of the gas cloud, a particular symmetry in the thickness of the cloud based on the physical size of the cloud can be assumed. For example, the cloud image can be rotated about a central axis running through the cloud image to create a three dimensional volume estimate of the gas cloud size. It is worth noting that in the embodiments described herein only a single imaging system is required for such volume estimation. Indeed, due to the fact that the information about the angle at which the gas cloud is seen by the system is decoded in the parallax effect, the image data includes the information about the imaged scene viewed by the system in association with at least two angles.

When the temporal differencing algorithm is used for processing the acquired imaging data, a change in the scene that is not caused by the target species can inadvertently be highlighted in the resulting image. In various embodiments, compensation for this error makes use of the temporal differencing between two FPAs that are substantially equally spectrally sensitive to the target species. In this case, the temporal difference image will highlight those pixels the intensity of which have changed in time (and not in wavelength). Therefore, subtracting the data corresponding to these pixels on both FPAs, which are substantially equally spectrally sensitive to the target species, to form the resulting image, excludes the contribution of the target species to the resulting image. The differentiation between (i) changes in the scene due to the presence of target species and (ii) changes in the scene caused by changes in the background not associated with the target species is, therefore, possible. In some embodiments, these two channels having the same or substantially similar spectral response so as to be substantially equally spectrally sensitive to the target species may comprise FPAs that operate using visible light. It should also be noted that, the data acquired with a visible light FPA (when present as part of the otherwise IR imaging system) can also be used to facilitate such differentiation and compensation of the motion-caused imaging errors. Visible cameras generally have much lower noise figure than IR cameras (at least during daytime). Consequently, the temporal difference image obtained with the use of image data from the visible light FPA can be quite accurate. The visible FPA can be used to compensate for motion in the system as well as many potential false-alarms in the scene due to motion caused by people, vehicles, birds, and steam, for example, as long as the moving object can be observed in the visible region of the spectra. This has the added benefit of providing an additional level of false alarm suppression without reducing the sensitivity of the system since many targets such as gas clouds cannot be observed in the visible spectral region. In various implementations, an IR camera can be used to compensate for motion artifacts.

Another method for detection of the gases is to use a spectral unmixing approach. A spectral unmixing approach assumes that the spectrum measured at a detector pixel is composed of a sum of component spectra (e.g., methane and other gases). This approach attempts to estimate the relative weights of these components needed to derive the measurement spectrum. The component spectra are generally taken from a predetermined spectral library (for example, from data collection that has been empirically assembled), though sometimes one can use the scene to estimate these as well (often called “endmember determination”). In various embodiments, the image obtained by the detector pixel is a radiance spectrum and provides information about the brightness of the object. To identify the contents of a gas cloud in the scene and/or to estimate the concentration of the various gases in the gas cloud, an absorption/emission spectrum of the various gases of interest can be obtained by comparing the measured brightness with an estimate of the expected brightness. The spectral unmixing methodology can also benefit from temporal, parallax, and motion compensation techniques.

In various embodiments, a method of identifying the presence of a target species in the object includes obtaining the radiance spectrum (or the absorption spectrum) from the object in a spectral region indicative of the presence of the target species and calculating a correlation (e.g., a correlation coefficient) by correlating the obtained radiance spectrum (or the absorption spectrum) with a reference spectrum for the target species. The presence or absence of the target species can be determined based on an amount of correlation (e.g., a value of correlation coefficient). For example, the presence of the target species in the object can be confirmed if the amount of correlation or the value of correlation coefficient is greater than a threshold. In various implementations, the radiance spectrum (or the absorption spectrum) can be obtained by obtaining a spectral difference image between a filtered optical channel and/or another filtered optical channel/unfiltered optical channel or any combinations thereof.

For example, an embodiment of the system configured to detect the presence of methane in a gas cloud comprises optical components such that one or more of the plurality of optical channels is configured to collect IR radiation to provide spectral data corresponding to a discrete spectral band located in the wavelength range between about 7.9 μm and about 8.4 μm corresponding to an absorption peak of methane. The multispectral data obtained in the one or more optical channels can be correlated with a predetermined absorption spectrum of methane in the wavelength range between about 7.9 μm and 8.4 μm. In various implementations, the predetermined absorption spectrum of methane can be saved in a database or a reference library accessible by the system. Based on an amount of correlation (e.g., a value of correlation coefficient), the presence or absence of methane in the gas cloud can be detected.

Examples of Practical Embodiments and Operation

The embodiment 300 of FIGS. 3A and 3B is configured to employ 12 optical channels and 12 corresponding microbolometer FPAs 336 to capture a video sequence substantially immediately after performing calibration measurements. The video sequence corresponds to images of a standard laboratory scene and the calibration measurements are performed with the use of a reference source including two shutters, as discussed above, one at room temperature and one 5° C. above room temperature. The use of 12 FPAs allows increased chance of simultaneous detection and estimation of the concentrations of about 8 or 9 gases present at the scene. In various embodiments, the number of FPAs 336 can vary, depending on the balance between the operational requirements and consideration of cost.

Due to the specifics of operation in the IR range of the spectrum, the use of the so-called noise-equivalent temperature difference (or NETD) is preferred and is analogous to the SNR commonly used in visible spectrum instruments. The array of microbolometer FPAs 336 is characterized to perform at NETD≤72 mK at an f-number of 1.2. Each measurement was carried out by summing four consecutive frames, and the reduction in the NETD value expected due to such summation would be described by corresponding factor of √4=2. Under ideal measurement conditions, therefore, the FPA NETD should be about 36 mK.

It is worth noting that the use of optically-filtered FPAs in various embodiments of the system described herein can provide a system with higher number of pixels. For example, embodiments including a single large format microbolometer FPA array can provide a system with large number of pixels. Various embodiments of the systems described herein can also offer a high optical throughput for a substantially low number of optical channels. For example, the systems described herein can provide a high optical throughput for a number of optical channels between 4 and 50. By having a lower number of optical channels (e.g., between 4 and 50 optical channels), the systems described herein have wider spectral bins which allows the signals acquired within each spectral bin to have a greater integrated intensity.

An advantage of the embodiments described herein over various scanning based hyperspectral systems that are configured for target species detection (for example, gas cloud detection) is that, the entire spectrum can be resolved in a snapshot mode (for example, during one image frame acquisition by the FPA array). This feature enables the embodiments of the imaging systems described herein to take advantage of the compensation algorithms such as the parallax and motion compensation algorithms mentioned above. Indeed, as the imaging data required to implement these algorithms are collected simultaneously with the target-species related data, the compensation algorithms are carried out with respect to target-species related data and not with respect to data acquired at another time interval. This rapid data collection thus improves the accuracy of the data compensation process. In addition, the frame rate of data acquisition is much higher. For example, embodiments of the imaging system described herein can operate at video rates from about 5 Hz and higher. For example, various embodiments described herein can operate at frame rates from about 5 Hz to about 60 Hz or 200 Hz. Thus, the user is able to recognize in the images the wisps and swirls typical of gas mixing without blurring out of these dynamic image features and other artifacts caused by the change of scene (whether spatial or spectral) during the lengthy measurements. In contradistinction, scanning based imaging systems involve image data acquisition over a period of time exceeding a single-snap-shot time and can, therefore, blur the target gas features in the image and inevitably reduce the otherwise achievable sensitivity of the detection. This result is in contrast to embodiments of the imaging system described herein that are capable of detecting the localized concentrations of gas without it being smeared out with the areas of thinner gas concentrations. In addition, the higher frame rate also enables a much faster response rate to a leak of gas (when detecting such leak is the goal). For example, an alarm can trigger within fractions of a second rather than several seconds.

To demonstrate the operation and gas detection capability of the imaging systems described herein, a prototype was constructed in accordance with the embodiment 300 of FIG. 3A and used to detect a hydrocarbon gas cloud of propylene at a distance of approximately 10 feet. FIG. 7 illustrates video frames 1 through 12 representing gas-cloud-detection output 710 (seen as a streak of light) in a sequence from t=1 to t=12. The images 1 through 12 are selected frames taken from a video-data sequence captured at a video-rate of 15 frames/sec. The detected propylene gas is shown as a streak of light 710 (highlighted in red) near the center of each image. The first image is taken just prior to the gas emerging from the nozzle of a gas-contained, while the last image represents the system output shortly after the nozzle has been turned off.

The same prototype of the system can also demonstrate the dynamic calibration improvement described above by imaging the scene surrounding the system (the laboratory) with known temperature differences. The result of implementing the dynamic correction procedure is shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, where the curves labeled “obj” (or “A”) represent temperature estimates of an identified region in the scene. The abscissa in each of the plots of FIGS. 8A, 8B indicates the number of a FPA, while the ordinate corresponds to temperature (in degrees C.). Accordingly, it is expected that when all detector elements receive radiant data that, when interpreted as the object's temperature, indicates that the object's temperature perceived by all detector elements is the same, any given curve would be a substantially flat line. Data corresponding to each of the multiple “obj” curves are taken from a stream of video frames separated from one another by about 0.5 seconds (for a total of 50 frames). The recorded “obj” curves shown in FIG. 8A indicate that the detector elements disagree about the object's temperature, and that difference in object's temperature perceived by different detector elements is as high as about 2.5° C. In addition, all of the temperature estimates are steadily drifting in time, from frame to frame. The curves labeled “ref” (or “C”) correspond to the detectors' estimates of the temperature of the aperture 338 of the embodiment 300 of FIG. 3A. The results of detection of radiation carried out after each detector pixel has been subjected to the dynamic calibration procedure described above are expressed with the curved labeled “obj con” (or “B”). Now, the difference in estimated temperature of the object among the detector elements is reduced to about 0.5° C. (thereby improving the original reading at least by a factor of 5).

FIG. 8B represents the results of similar measurements corresponding to a different location in the scene (a location which is at a temperature about 9° C. above the estimated temperature of the aperture 338 of FIG. 3A). As shown, the correction algorithm discussed above is operable and effective and applicable to objects kept at different temperature. Accordingly, the algorithm is substantially temperature independent.

Dynamic Calibration Elements and References

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrates schematically different implementations 900 and 905 respectively of the imaging system that include a variety of temperature calibration elements to facilitate dynamic calibration of the FPAs. The temperature calibration elements can include mirrors 975 a, 975 b (represented as M_(1A), M_(9A), etc.) as well as reference sources 972 a and 972 b. The implementation 900 can be similarly configured as the embodiment 300 and include one or more front objective lens, a divided aperture, one or more spectral filters, an array of imaging lenses 928 a and an imaging element 936. In various implementations, the imaging element 936 (e.g., camera block) can include an array of cameras. In various implementations, the array of cameras can comprise an optical FPA unit. The optical FPA unit can comprise a single FPA, an array of FPAs. In various implementations, the array of cameras can include one or more detector arrays represented as detector array 1, detector array 5, detector array 9 in FIGS. 9A and 9B. In various embodiments, the FOV of each of the detector arrays 1, 5, 9 can be divided into a central region and a peripheral region. Without any loss of generality, the central region of the FOV of each of the detector arrays 1, 5, 9 can include the region where the FOV of all the detector arrays 1, 5, 9 overlap. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9A, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b are placed at a distance from the detector arrays 1, 5, 9, for example, and mirrors 975 a and 975 b that can image them onto the detector arrays are then placed at the location of the scene reference aperture (e.g., 338 of FIG. 3A).

In FIG. 9A, the mirrors 975 a and 975 b are configured to reflect radiation from the reference sources 972 a and 972 b (represented as ref A and ref B). The mirrors 975 a and 975 b can be disposed away from the central FOV of the detector arrays 1, 5, 9 such that the central FOV is not blocked or obscured by the image of the reference source 972 a and 972 b. In various implementations, the FOV of the detector array 5 could be greater than the FOV of the detector arrays 1 and 9. In such implementations, the mirrors 975 a and 975 b can be disposed away from the central FOV of the detector array 5 at a location such that the reference source 972 a and 972 b is imaged by the detector array 5. The mirrors 975 a and 975 b may comprise imaging optical elements having optical power that image the reference sources 972 a and 972 b onto the detector arrays 1 and 9. In this example, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can be disposed in the same plane as the re-imaging lenses 928 a, however, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can be disposed in a different plane or in different locations. For example, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can be disposed in a plane that is conjugate to the plane in which the detector array 1, detector array 5, and detector array 9 are disposed such that a focused image of the reference sources 972 a and 972 b is formed by the detector arrays. In some implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can be disposed in a plane that is spaced apart from the conjugate plane such that a defocused image of the reference sources 972 a and 972 b is formed by the detector arrays. In various implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b need not be disposed in the same plane.

As discussed above, in some embodiments, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b are imaged onto the detector array 1 and detector array 9, without much blur such that the reference sources 972 a and 972 b are focused. In contrast, in other embodiments, the image of reference sources 972 a and 972 b formed on the detector array 1, and detector array 9 are blurred such that the reference sources 972 a and 972 b are defocused, and thereby provide some averaging, smoothing, and/or low pass filtering. The reference sources 972 a and 972 b may comprise a surface of known temperature and may or may not include a heater or cooler attached thereto or in thermal communication therewith. For example, the reference source 972 a and 972 b may comprises heaters and coolers respectively or may comprise a surface with a temperature sensor and a heater and sensor respectively in direct thermal communication therewith to control the temperature of the reference surface. In various implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can include a temperature controller configured to maintain the reference sources 972 a and 972 b at a known temperature. In some implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can be associated with one or more sensors that measure the temperature of the reference sources 972 a and 972 b and communicate the measured temperature to the temperature controller. In some implementations, the one or more sensors can communicate the measured temperature to the data-processing unit. In various implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b may comprise a surface of unknown temperature. For example, the reference sources may comprise a wall of a housing comprising the imaging system. In some implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can comprise a surface that need not be associated with sensors, temperature controllers. However, in other implementations, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b can comprise a surface that can be associated with sensors, temperature controllers.

In FIG. 9B, the temperature-calibration elements comprise temperature-controlled elements 972 a and 972 b (e.g., a thermally controlled emitter, a heating strip, a heater or a cooler) disposed a distance from the detector arrays 1, 5, 9. In various embodiments, the temperature-controlled elements 972 a and 972 b can be disposed away from the central FOV of the detector arrays 1, 5, 9 such that the central FOV is not blocked or obscured by the image of the reference source 972 a and 972 b. The radiation emitted from the reference sources 972 a and 972 b is also imaged by the detector array 936 along with the radiation incident from the object. Depending on the position of the reference sources 972 a and 972 b, the image obtained by the detector array of the reference sources can be blurred (or defocused) or sharp (or focused). The images 980 a, 980 b, 980 c, 980 d, 980 e and 980 f of the temperature-controlled elements 972 a and 972 b can be used as a reference to dynamically calibrate the one or more cameras in the array of cameras.

In the implementations depicted in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the detector arrays 1, 5 and 9 are configured to view (or image) both the reference sources 972 a and 972 b. Accordingly, multiple frames (e.g., every or substantially every frame) within a sequence of images contains one or more regions in the image in which the object image has known thermal and spectral properties. This allows multiple (e.g., most or each) cameras within the array of cameras to be calibrated to agree with other (e.g., most or every other) camera imaging the same reference source(s) or surface(s). For example, detector arrays 1 and 9 can be calibrated to agree with each other. As another example, detector arrays 1, 5 and 9 can be calibrated to agree with each other. In various embodiments, the lenses 928 a provide blurred (or defocused) images of the reference sources 972 a, 972 b on the detector arrays 1 and 9 because the location of the reference sources are not exactly in a conjugate planes of the detector arrays 1 and 9. Although the lenses 928 a are described as providing blurred or defocused images, in various embodiments, reference sources or surfaces are imaged on the detectors arrays 1, 5, 9 without such blur and defocus and instead are focused images. Additionally optical elements may be used, such as for example, the mirrors shown in FIG. 9A to provide such focused images.

The temperature of the reference sources 972 b, 972 a can be different. For example, the reference source 972 a can be at a temperature TA, and the reference source 972 b can be at a temperature TB lower than the temperature TA. A heater can be provided under the temperature-controlled element 972 a to maintain it at a temperature TA, and a cooler can be provided underneath the temperature-controlled element 972 b to maintain it at a temperature TB. In various implementations, the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B can be configured to image a single reference source 972 instead of two references sources 972 a and 972 b maintained at different temperatures. It is understood that the single reference source need not be thermally controlled. For example, in various implementations, a plurality of detectors in the detector array can be configured to image a same surface of at least one calibration element whose thermal and spectral properties are unknown. In such implementations, one of the plurality of detectors can be configured as a reference detector and the temperature of the surface of the at least one calibration element imaged by the plurality of detectors can be estimated using the radiance spectrum obtained by the reference detector. The remaining plurality of detectors can be calibrated such that their temperature and/or spectral measurements agree with the reference detector. For example, detector arrays 1 and 9 can be calibrated to agree with each other. As another example, detector arrays 1, 5 and 9 can be calibrated to agree with each other.

The reference sources 972 a and 972 b can be coated with a material to make it behave substantially as a blackbody (for which the emission spectrum is known for any given temperature). If a temperature sensor is used at the location of each reference source, then the temperature can be tracked at these locations. As a result, the regions in the image of each camera (e.g., on the detector arrays 1 and 9) in which the object has such known temperature (and, therefore, spectrum) can be defined. A calibration procedure can thus be used so that most of the cameras (if not every camera) so operated agrees, operationally, with most or every other camera, for objects at the temperatures represented by those two sources. Calibrating infrared cameras using sources at two different temperatures is known as a “two-point” calibration, and assumes that the measured signal at a given pixel is linearly related to the incident irradiance. Since this calibration can be performed during multiple, more, or even every frame of a sequence, it is referred to as a “dynamic calibration”.

An example of the dynamic calibration procedure is as follows. If there is a temperature sensor on the reference sources or reference surface, then the temperature measurements obtained by these temperature sensors can be used to determine their expected emission spectra. These temperature measurements are labeled as T_(A)[R], T_(B)[R], and T_(C)[R] for the “reference temperatures” of sources/surfaces A, B, and C. These temperature measurements can be used as scalar correction factors to apply to the entire image of a given camera, forcing it to agree with the reference temperatures. Correcting the temperature estimate of a given pixel from T to T′ can use formulae analogous to those discussed below in reference to FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C. If no direct temperature sensor is used, then one of the cameras can be used instead. This camera can be referred to as the “reference camera”. In this case, the same formulae as those provided in paragraph below can be used, but with T_(A)[R] and T_(B)[R] representing the temperatures of the reference sources/surfaces A and B as estimated by the reference camera. By applying the dynamic calibration correction formulae, all of the other cameras are forced to match the temperature estimates of the reference camera.

In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 9B, the reference sources 972 a and 972 b are placed such that the images of the sources on the detector arrays are blurred. The configuration illustrated in FIG. 9A is similar to the system 400 illustrated in FIG. 4 where the reference sources are placed at an intermediate image plane (e.g., a conjugate image plane). In this configuration, the array of reference apertures, similar to reference apertures 438 a in FIG. 4, will have an accompanying array of reference sources or reference surfaces such that the reference sources or surfaces (e.g., each reference source or surface) are imaged onto a camera or a detector array such as FPAs 1, 5, 9. With this approach, the reference source or surface images are at a conjugate image plane and thus are not appreciably blurred, so that their images can be made to block a smaller portion of each camera's field of view.

A “static” calibration (a procedure in which the scene is largely blocked with a reference source such as the moving shutters 960 in FIGS. 9A and 9B, so that imaging of an unknown scene cannot be performed in parallel with calibration) allows a plurality of the cameras (for example, most or each camera) to accurately estimate the temperature of a plurality of elements (for example, most or each element in the scene) immediately after the calibration is complete. It cannot, however, prevent the cameras' estimates from drifting away from one another during the process of imaging an unknown scene. The dynamic calibration can be used to reduce or prevent this drift, so that all cameras imaging a scene can be forced to agree on the temperature estimate of the reference sources/surfaces, and adjust this correction during every frame.

FIG. 10A illustrates schematically a related embodiment 1000 of the imaging system, in which one or more mirrors M_(0A), . . . M_(11A) and M_(0B), . . . M_(11B) are placed within the fields of view of one or more cameras 0, . . . , 11, partially blocking the field of view. The cameras 0, . . . , 11 are arranged to form an outer ring of cameras including cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4 surrounding the central cameras 5 and 6. In various implementations, the FOV of the central cameras 5 and 6 can be less than or equal to the FOV of the outer ring of cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4. In such implementations, the one or more mirrors M_(0A), . . . M_(11A) and M_(0B), . . . M_(11B) can be placed outside the central FOV of the cameras 5 and 6 and is placed in a peripheral FOV of the cameras outer ring of cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4 which does not overlap with the central FOV of the cameras 5 and 6 such that the reference sources A and B are not imaged by the cameras 5 and 6. In various implementations, the FOV of the central cameras 5 and 6 can be greater than the FOV of the outer ring of cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4. In such implementations, the one or more mirrors M_(0A), . . . M_(11A) and M_(0B), . . . M_(11B) can be placed in a peripheral FOV of the cameras 5 and 6 which does overlap with the central FOV of the outer ring of cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4 such that the reference sources A and B are imaged by the cameras 5 and 6.

This design is an enhancement to the systems 300 and 400 shown in FIGS. 3A and 4A. In the system 1000 shown in FIG. 10A, an array of two or more imaging elements (curved mirrors, for example) is installed at a distance from the FPAs, for example, in the plane of the reference aperture 160 shown in FIG. 3A. These elements (mirror or imaging elements) are used to image one or more temperature-controlled reference sources A and B onto the detector elements of two or more of the cameras. The primary difference between embodiment 1000 and embodiment 300 or 400 is that now a plurality or most or all of the outer ring of cameras in the array can image both the reference sources A and B instead of imaging one of the two reference source A and B. Accordingly, most or all of the outer ring of cameras image an identical reference source or an identical set of reference sources (e.g., both the reference sources A and B) rather than using different reference sources for different cameras or imaging different portions of the reference sources as shown in FIGS. 3A and 4A. Thus, this approach improves the robustness of the calibration, as it eliminates potential failures and errors due to the having additional thermal sensors estimating each reference source.

The imaging elements in the system 1000 (shown as mirrors in FIGS. 10A and 10B) image one or more controlled-temperature reference sources or a surface of a calibration element (shown as A and B in FIGS. 10A and 10B) into the blocked region of the cameras' fields of view. FIG. 10B shows an example in which mirror M_(0A) images reference source/surface A onto camera 0, and mirror MOB images reference source/surface B onto camera 0, and likewise for cameras 1, 2, and 3. This way, each of the mirrors is used to image a reference source/surface onto a detector array of a camera, so that many, most, or every frame within a sequence of images contains one or more regions in the image in which the object image has known thermal and spectral properties. This approach allows most of the camera, if not each camera, within the array of cameras to be calibrated to agree with most or every other camera imaging the same reference source or sources. For example, cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4 can be calibrated to agree with each other. As another example, cameras 0, 1, 2 and 3 can be calibrated to agree with each other. As yet another example, cameras 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 5 and 6 can be calibrated to agree with each other. Accordingly, in various implementations, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve cameras can be calibrated to agree with each other. In certain embodiments, however, not all the cameras are calibrated to agree with each other. For example, one, two, or more cameras may not be calibrated to agree with each other while others may be calibrated to agree with each other. In various embodiments, these mirrors may be configured to image the reference sources/surfaces A and B onto different respective pixels a given FPA. Without any loss of generality, FIGS. 10A and 10B represent a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10C illustrates schematically a related embodiment 1050 of the imaging system, in which one or more reference sources R_(0A), . . . , R_(11A) and R_(0B), . . . , R_(11B) are disposed around the array of detectors 0, . . . , 11. In various implementations, the one or more reference sources R_(0A), . . . , R_(11A) and R_(0B), . . . , R_(11B) can be a single reference source that is imaged by the detectors 0, . . . , 11. In various implementations, central detector arrays 5 and 6 can have a FOV that is equal to or lesser than the FOV of the outer ring of the detectors 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4. In such implementations, the reference sources R_(0A), . . . , R_(11A) can be disposed away from the central FOV of the detector arrays 5 and 6 such that the radiation from the reference sources R_(0A), . . . , R_(11A) is imaged only by the outer ring of detectors 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4. In various implementations, central detector arrays 5 and 6 can have a FOV that is greater than the FOV of the outer ring of the detectors 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4. In such implementations, the reference sources R_(0A), R_(11A) can be disposed in the peripheral FOV of the detector arrays 5 and 6 such that the radiation from the reference sources R_(0A), . . . , R_(11A) is imaged only by the outer ring of detectors 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4. The radiation from the reference sources R_(0A), . . . , R_(11A) is therefore imaged by the outer ring of detectors 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 10, 9, 8 and 4 as well as central cameras 5 and 6. Without any loss of generality, FIG. 10C represents a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9B.

In various implementations, a heater can be provided underneath, adjacent to, or in thermal communication with reference source/surface A to give it a higher temperature T_(A), and a cooler can be provided underneath, adjacent to, or in thermal communication with reference source B to give it a lower temperature T_(B). In various implementations, the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C can be configured to image a single reference source A instead of two references sources A and B maintained at different temperatures. As discussed above, the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C can be configured to image a same surface of a calibration element. In such implementations, the temperature of the surface of the calibration element need not be known. Many, most or each reference source/surface can be coated with a material to make it behave approximately as a blackbody, for which the emission spectrum is known for any given temperature. If many, most, or each camera in the array of cameras images both of references A and B, so that there are known regions in the image of these cameras in which the object has a known temperature (and therefore spectrum), then one can perform a calibration procedure. This procedure can provide that many, most or every camera so operated agrees with various, most, or every other camera, for objects at the temperatures represented by those two sources. For example, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven or twelve cameras can be calibrated to agree with each other. In certain embodiments, however, not all the cameras are calibrated to agree with each other. For example, one, two, or more cameras may not be calibrated to agree with each other while others may be calibrated to agree with each other. As discussed above, calibration of infrared cameras using sources at two different temperatures is known as a “two-point” calibration, and assumes that the measured signal at a given pixel is linearly related to the incident irradiance.

The dynamic calibration is used to obtain a corrected temperature T′ from the initial temperature T estimated at each pixel in a camera using the following formulae: T′[x,y,c]=(T[x,y,c]−T _(A)[R])G[c]+T _(A)[R] where is T_(A)[R] is a dynamic offset correction factor, and,

${{G\lbrack c\rbrack} = \frac{{T_{B}\lbrack R\rbrack} - {T_{A}\lbrack R\rbrack}}{{T_{B}\lbrack c\rbrack} - {T_{A}\lbrack c\rbrack}}},$ is a dynamic gain correction factor. The term c discussed above is a camera index that identifies the camera whose data is being corrected.

II. Implementations of a Dual Band DAISI

Various embodiments of the divided aperture infrared spectral imager (DAISI) disclosed herein (e.g., embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1-4, 9A and 9B) can be configured to operate over a spectral range extending from mid-wave infrared wavelength range (e.g., between about 3 microns and about 7 microns) and long wave infrared wavelength range (e.g., between about 7 microns and about 14 microns) by including detector arrays that can detect infrared radiation in the mid-wave infrared wavelength range and in the long wave infrared wavelength range respectively.

For example, the detector arrays 136, 236, 336 and/or 456 can include at least one mid-wave infrared (MWIR) FPA configured to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 3 microns and about 7 microns and at least one long wave infrared (LWIR) FPA configured to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 7 microns and about 14 microns. As another example, the detector arrays 136, 236, 336 and/or 456 can include one MWIR FPA configured to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 3 microns and about 7 microns and a plurality of LWIR FPAs configured to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 7 microns and about 14 microns. In various implementations, the MWIR FPA can be cooled and/or uncooled. In various implementations, one or more of the LWIR FPAs can be cooled and/or uncooled. The MWIR and/or the LWIR FPAs can be cooled to temperatures below room temperature. For example, the MWIR and/or the LWIR FPAs can include coolers that maintain the FPAs at a temperature between about 200 degree Kelvin and about 273 degree Kelvin, a temperature between about 150 degree Kelvin and about 200 degree Kelvin, a temperature between about 100 degree Kelvin and about 150 degree Kelvin or a temperature between about 50 degree Kelvin and about 150 degree Kelvin. In various implementations, the coolers employed to maintain the MWIR and/or LWIR FPAs at a desired temperature can be a cryogenic cooler. In various implementations, the coolers employed to maintain the MWIR and/or LWIR FPAs at a desired temperature can include pulse tube coolers available from Thales Cryogenics or Canberra Industries, Inc. In some implementations, the coolers employed to maintain the MWIR and/or LWIR FPAs at a desired temperature can include high operating temperature (HOT) coolers that can maintain the MWIR and/or LWIR FPAs at a temperature between about 110 degree Kelvin and 150 degree Kelvin. For example, in some implementations, the HOT coolers can maintain the at least one MWIR and/or LWIR FPAs at a temperature of about 135 degree Kelvin. The use of HOT coolers can facilitate detector arrays comprising novel semiconductor materials that have reduced cooling requirements as compared to detector arrays comprising InSb or Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). The HOT coolers can additionally extend the lifetime of the detector arrays beyond 25000 hours, such as, for example up to 90,000 hours. The coolers can include cryogenic coolers and/or thermo-electric coolers.

Implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs can have increased detection sensitivity to chemicals/gases that have stronger spectral features in the mid wave infrared wavelength range than the long wave infrared wavelength range. Additionally, since implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs are capable of obtaining spectral information in both the mid-wave infrared wavelength range and the long wave infrared wavelength range, such implementations can have enhanced chemical/gas identification capabilities as compared to implementations that operate only in the mid-wave infrared wavelength range or the long wave infrared wavelength range.

Furthermore, since implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs are capable of obtaining an image of a scene by combining spectral information in the mid-wave infrared wavelength range and the long wave infrared wavelength range, the accuracy of detecting various gases/chemicals in the imaged scene can be improved. Additionally, since the implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs obtain information in the mid-wave infrared wavelength range and the long wave infrared wavelength range using solar as well as thermal sources for signal, they can be used in different weather conditions (e.g., on sunny days, cloudy days, etc.) and at various times of the day (e.g., during the day or night).

Various implementations of the dual band DAISI system can be used in continuous monitoring of explosive hydrocarbons or hazardous gas leaks and/or any fugitive gas emission. Implementations of the dual band DAISI system used in such applications can provide video imagery identifying the species, size and direction, and concentration of any detected gas cloud. Other implementations of the dual band DAISI system can also be used for exploration, standoff chemical detection, explosive detection, bio-imaging, medical imaging, gas cloud imaging, surveillance, food inspection, and remote sensing applications and other applications including but not limited to biological warfare, gas leaks at refineries, rigs and petroleum plants, imaging for the purpose of reconnaissance, underwater applications, space application, telecommunications and/or optical computing.

Various configurations of detector arrays including MWIR and LWIR FPAs are shown in FIGS. 11A, 12A and 13A. FIG. 11A illustrates a 4×3 array 1100 including one MWIR FPA 1101 b and a plurality of LWIR FPAs (e.g., 1101 a and 1101 c). FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of the detector array 1100 along the axis 1105A-1105A′. The MWIR FPA 1101 b is capable of detecting mid-wavelength infra-red radiation in the spectral range between 3-5 microns. The MWIR FPA 1101 b can include a plurality of detecting regions, each of the plurality of detecting regions being a part of a spatially and spectrally distinct MWIR optical channel. The MWIR FPA 1101 b can comprise one or more imaging lens 1128 b configured to image the radiation incident along each of the spatially and spectrally distinct MWIR optical channel onto the corresponding detecting regions of the MWIR FPA 1101 b. Each of the LWIR FPAs 1101 a and 1101 c is capable of detecting long-wavelength infra-red radiation in the spectral range between 7-14 microns. The LWIR FPAs 1101 a and 1101 c can include a plurality of detecting regions, each of the plurality of detecting regions being a part of a spatially and spectrally distinct LWIR optical channel. The LWIR FPAs 1101 a and 1101 c can comprise one or more imaging lens 1128 a and 1128 c configured to image the radiation incident along each of the spatially and spectrally distinct LWIR optical channel onto the onto the corresponding detecting regions of the LWIR FPAs 1101 a and 1101 c.

FIG. 12A illustrates a 3×3 array 1200 including one FPA 1201 bML that can detect mid-wavelength and long-wavelength infra-red radiation and a plurality of LWIR FPAs (e.g., 1201 a and 1201 c). FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of the detector array 1200 along the axis 1205A-1205A′. A beam splitter 1230 can be disposed in front of the FPA 1201 bML configured to split incident radiation in a first wavelength band including radiation in the mid-wavelength infra-red spectral range and a second wavelength band including radiation in the long-wavelength infra-red spectral range. The first wavelength band in the mid-wavelength infra-red spectral range is directed along a first optical path towards a FPA 1201 bM capable of detecting mid-wavelength infra-red radiation in the spectral range between 3-5 microns. The second wavelength band in the long-wavelength infra-red spectral range is directed along a second optical path towards a FPA 120 bL capable of detecting long-wavelength infra-red radiation in the spectral range between 7-14 microns. Each of the MWIR FPA 1201 bM and the LWIR FPA 1201 bL can comprise one or more imaging lenses 1228 bM and 1228 bL configured to image received mid-wavelength infra-red radiation and long-wavelength infra-red radiation onto the FPAs 1201 bM and 1201 bL respectively.

FIG. 13A illustrates a 4×4 array 1300 including a plurality of MWIR FPAs (e.g., 1310M) and a plurality of LWIR FPAs (e.g., 1301 a, 1301 b, and 1301 c). FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of the detector array 1300 along the axis 1305A-1305A′. Each of the MWIR FPAs (e.g., 1310M) is capable of detecting mid-wavelength infra-red radiation in the spectral range between 3-5 microns. Each of the MWIR FPAs (e.g., 1310M) can include a plurality of detecting regions, each of the plurality of detecting regions being a part of a spatially and spectrally distinct MWIR optical channel. Each of the MWIR FPAs (e.g., 1310M) can comprise one or more imaging lens 1328M configured to image the radiation incident along each of the spatially and spectrally distinct MWIR optical channel onto the corresponding detecting regions of each of the MWIR FPAs (e.g., 1310M). The LWIR FPAs 1301 a-1301 c can comprise a corresponding imaging lens 1328 a, 1328 b and 1328 c configured to image received long-wavelength infra-red radiation onto the corresponding FPA 1301 a-1301 c.

Although the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11A depicts a 4×3 array including twelve FPAs (e.g., 1 MWIR FPA and 11 LWIR FPAs as shown in FIG. 11A, the number of FPAs can be different in other implementations. For example, the number of FPAs can be sixteen as shown in FIG. 13A. As another example, the number of FPAs can be nine as shown in FIG. 12A. In various implementations, the number of FPAs can be between 2 and 50. For example, various implementations can include at least 2 FPAs, at least 3 FPAs, at least 4 FPAs, at least 5 FPAs, at least 6 FPAs, at least 7 FPAs, at least 8 FPAs, at least 9 FPAs, at least 10 FPAs, at least 11 FPAs, at least 13 FPAs, at least 14 FPAs, at least 15 FPAs, at least 18 FPAs, at least 24 FPAs, at least 30 FPAs, at least 36 FPAs, etc. In such implementations, at least one of the plurality of FPAs can be a MWIR FPA. The detector arrays 1100, 1200 and 1300 can comprise a monolithic FPA unit including one or more MWIR and LWIR detecting regions.

The MWIR FPA can have a similar size and weight as the LWIR FPA. In some implementations, the MWIR FPA can have a smaller size as compared to the LWIR FPA.

The one or more MWIR FPAs can be statically and dynamically calibrated using a procedure similar to the static and dynamic calibration of the one or more LWIR FPAs described above. For example, the one or more MWIR FPAs can image the moveable temperature-controlled reference source 160, the field reference 338, the field reference array 438, the moveable temperature-controlled shutters 460 a and 460 b, temperature-controlled shutters 960 and/or the reference sources 972 a and 972 b described above. The static and dynamic calibration procedures described above can maintain agreement among all the FPAs including the LWIR and MWIR FPAs when viewing the same radiant energy. Additionally, the static and dynamic calibration procedures described above can aid in differentiating between thermally-induced signal and solar-reflection-induced signal which can affect the detection capabilities of a MWIR FPA. For example, if a MWIR FPA (or camera) sees a change in signal within the scene, but none in the reference source, then the user can conclude that the change was induced by a change in the scene illumination or a change in the object temperature. The user can confirm with certain degree of confidence that the change was not induced by changes in the response of the detector which would indicate that the detector calibration is in need of adjustment.

One or more optical filters can be disposed in the optical path of each MWIR and LWIR FPA in the detector array similar to the embodiments disclosed in FIGS. 1, 2, 3A and 4. The one or more optical filters disposed in the optical path of the MWIR FPA can result in a pass-band in the mid-wavelength infra-red region while the one or more optical filters disposed in the optical path of the LWIR FPA can result in a pass-band in the long-wavelength infra-red region. The one or more optical filters can include short-pass filters, long-pass filters, band-pass filters, notch filters, etc. The one or more optical filters can include interference films and/or coatings. The one or more optical filters can include spectral filters. In various implementations, the one or more optical filters can also include a cold stop filter that can limit spectral range that is transmitted toward the FPA. The cold stop filter can be configured to transmit spectral regions that are of more interest (e.g., the spectral regions including the prominent spectral features) toward the FPA. This can advantageously reduce noise from radiation in spectral ranges that are of less interest which can help to increase the accuracy of detection. For example, embodiments employed to detect hydrocarbon gas can include a cold stop filter in the optical path of the MWIR FPA that transmits light in the spectral range between about 3.1 and about 3.9 microns. For other chemicals, cold stop filters having a different pass-band can be employed. Without any loss of generality, a cold stop filter can include one or more band-pass filters, short-pass filters and/or long-pass filters that are cooled with a cooler. In various implementations, the cold stop filter can be maintained at the same temperature as the corresponding detector. Alternately, the cold stop filter can be maintained at a different temperature as the corresponding detector.

FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate embodiments including an optical filter 1440 disposed in the optical path of a FPA 1401. The FPA 1401 can be an MWIR FPA and/or a LWIR FPA as discussed above. A re-imaging lens 1428 can also be provided to image the incident radiation on the FPA 1401. The optical filter 1440 can be disposed forward of the re-imaging lens 1428 and the FPA 1401 as shown in FIG. 14B or between the re-imaging lens 1428 and the FPA 1401 as shown in FIG. 14A.

Cooled MWIR FPAs can advantageously operate at a higher frame rate than an uncooled MWIR/LWIR FPA. Accordingly, for any video frame rate, cooled MWIR FPAs can average data over more frames than an uncooled MWIR/LWIR FPA. This can result in an increase in the signal to noise ratio of the images obtained by the uncooled MWIR FPA.

The increased signal to noise ratio provided by cooled MWIR FPAs can be advantageous in systems that employ one or more uncooled LWIR FPAs. For example, the reduced signal to noise ratio of images obtained from uncooled LWIR FPAs can result in reduced absorption strength of spectral features present in the images obtained from one or more uncooled LWIR FPAs. Accordingly, imaging systems employing one or more uncooled LWIR FPAs only can result in false positive detection of the presence or absence of one or more chemical species. For example, imaging systems employing one or more uncooled LWIR FPAs only can indicate the presence of a chemical species when it is absent in truth or indicate the absence of a chemical species when it is present in truth. Thus, differentiating between true and false chemical species detections can be challenging when imaging systems employing only one or more uncooled LWIR FPAs are used.

A cooled MWIR FPA providing images with increased signal to noise ratio, and utilizing the stronger absorption features of various chemical species in mid-wavelength infra-red spectral range, can be used to primarily detect the presence or absence of a chemical species in a scene while the uncooled LWIR FPAs can be used to remove false positive detections and/or to identify the chemical species.

FIG. 15 provides a visual example of the roles of the MWIR and LWIR FPAs. Consider an imaging system employing one or more cooled MWIR FPAs and one or more uncooled LWIR FPAs imaging a scene. The one or more cooled MWIR FPAs can be configured to image the full extent of a gas cloud 1505 in the scene. In certain embodiments, the one or more LWIR FPAs in the imaging system may require a stronger signal and/or a higher contrast ratio between the gas cloud and a feature in the background of the scene in order to detect various chemical species that may be in the gas cloud 1505. Such LWIR FPAs by themselves may only be capable of detecting the presence of the chemical species (e.g., 1507 a) that have a higher concentration. Furthermore, the detection of chemical species that are present in higher concentration may be inaccurate due to variations in noise, variations in gas density across the field of view, and in variations in the background against which the gas cloud 1505 is imaged. Thus, an imaging system that employs only such LWIR FPAs may result in false positive detections. However, in imaging system that employ one or more MWIR FPAs (e.g., cooled MWIR FPAs), it is not necessary to rely on the detection capability (and/or the signal-to-noise ratio) of such LWIR FPAs. Instead, the LWIR FPAs can be used to perform only false positive removal. Such systems can have increased sensitivity and reliability as compared to imaging systems that employ only LWIR FPAs that require a stronger signal in order to detect various chemical species. In this example, the LWIR FPAs can be used to identify regions in the gas cloud 1505 where certain chemical species of interest are present in relatively higher concentrations. In such implementations, the one or more MWIR FPAs are configured to have increased sensitivity to detect the presence or absence of chemical species in the scene and the one or more MWIR FPAs are configured to speciate or identify the chemical species that are present.

The one or more MWIR and LWIR FPAs can be configured to output one or more image frames. The one or more image frames can be output at video frame rates. For example, the output of the one or more MWIR and LWIR FPAs can be between 5 image frames/second and 120 image frames/second. The output image frames can be analyzed using hyperspectral video analytics using spectra-temporal algorithms to obtain spectral features of various chemical species that may be present in the scene. The spectral features obtained from the image data output from one or more of the MWIR elements and LWIR elements can be cross-correlated with known spectra of various chemical species that are stored in a reference library in a database to identify the chemical species that may be present in the gas cloud 1505.

In various embodiments, image frames output from the one or more MWIR and LWIR FPAs at the beginning of the measurement period can be used to estimate background features of the scene and image frames acquired later in the measurement period can be used to detect and speciate various chemical species of interest that may be present in the scene. Thus, the one or more MWIR and LWIR FPAs can be used to not only detect and speciate various chemical species of interest that may be present in the scene but to also estimate the dynamic properties of those chemical species. For example, the one or more MWIR and LWIR FPAs can be used to estimate movement of the gas cloud 1505 and/or the region 1507 over time in addition to detecting and speciating various chemical species that may be present in the gas cloud 1505.

The results associated with detecting and speciating various chemical species that may be present in the gas cloud 1505, such as, for example, spectral features, concentration, data regarding movement of the gas cloud, etc. 1505 and/or 1507 can be obtained within 1 second from the start of imaging the scene. The associated results can be updated after every frame thereafter. In various implementations, the results associated with detecting and speciating various chemical species that may be present in the gas cloud 1505 can be obtained in sufficiently real time (e.g., between about 0.01 millisecond and about 1 millisecond from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 10 milliseconds from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 50 milliseconds from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 100 milliseconds from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 500 milliseconds from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 1 second from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 10 seconds from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 30 seconds from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 1 minute from the start of imaging the scene, between about 0.01 millisecond and about 5 minutes from the start of imaging the scene, or between about 0.01 millisecond and about 10 minutes from the start of imaging the scene).

The ability of one or more MWIR FPAs (e.g., cooled MWIR FPAs) to aid the detection capabilities of the one or more LWIR FPAs can be enhanced when the image frames output from the one or more MWIR FPAs are synchronized with the image frames output from the one or more LWIR FPAs. In various implementations, a feedback system can be employed to synchronize the image frames output from the one or more LWIR FPAs and the image frames output from the one or more MWIR FPAs.

The inclusion of one or more MWIR FPAs in an array of LWIR FPAs also provides improved chemical speciation due to the extension in the spectral range over which data is collected. For example, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) produces a signature in the long-wavelength infra-red spectral range that can be confused with the signature for propylene (C₃H₆) at very low spectral resolution. However, the spectral features of SO₂ and C₃H₆ do not overlap in the mid-wavelength infra-red spectral range. Thus, the information provided by one or more MWIR FPAs when used in combination with information provided by one or more LWIR FPAs can provide additional information to help differentiate the chemical species that are detected.

The information provided from the one or more MWIR and LWIR FPAs can also provide information that cannot be obtained by either the MWIR or the LWIR FPAs individually. For example, the combined information from MWIR and LWIR FPAs can be used to estimate the illumination of a scene. The LWIR FPAs are more sensitive to thermally emitted radiation and less sensitive to reflected solar radiation, since solar light is weaker in the long-wavelength infra-red spectral range in comparison with terrestrial sources that are much closer. The MWIR FPAs are sensitive to both thermal and reflected solar radiation. Thus, if LWIR FPAs observing a scene record only small and gradual changes in signal, whereas the MWIR FPAs observing the same scene record much sharper changes then it can be concluded with a degree of confidence that the illumination of the scene is changing.

This effect is illustrated in FIG. 16 which shows the temporal variation in the amount of radiation detected by the MWIR FPAs and LWIR FPAs imaging a scene in which the sun emerges from behind a cloud for a certain interval of time and is covered by a cloud subsequently. The curve 1605 depicts the variation of the amount of radiation detected by the MWIR FPAs and the curve 1610 depicts the variation of the amount of radiation detected by the LWIR FPAs. Between time T1 and T2, the sun emerges from behind a cloud. The MWIR FPAs by virtue of their higher sensitivity to wavelengths in the solar spectrum are able to detect almost instantaneously a change in the illumination of the scene, while the LWIR FPAs due to their lower sensitivity to wavelengths in the solar spectrum show a gradual increase in the amount of radiation detected which corresponds to a change in the temperature of the objects in the scene as they are heated by the sun.

Some of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels in various implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs can obtain information from spatially distinct portions of an object. Some of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels in various implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs can have a field of view (FOV) that is different from the field of view (FOV) of some other of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels. Some of the plurality of spatially and spectrally distinct optical channels in various implementations of the dual band DAISI including MWIR and LWIR FPAs can have a field of view (FOV) that is lower than the field of view (FOV) of the entire system.

III. Implementations of a Hydrogen Sulfide Imaging System

Various embodiments disclosed herein can be used to detect and identify hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas, including concentrations of hydrogen sulfide that are less than (or greater than) a lethal dose for a human. Many conventional imaging systems are not able to detect hydrogen sulfide gas because (1) the hydrogen sulfide gas absorption signature is weak in many of the spectral bands where measurements are commonly performed, (2) in those locations where the H₂S gas absorption signature is strong, water absorption is also strong enough to obscure the signal for H₂S, and (3) in the LWIR and MWIR wavelength ranges, the H₂S absorption signature is obscured by the larger absorption of other hydrocarbon gases. Advantageously, the embodiments disclosed herein can detect H₂S gas and can indeed provide an entire video of the hydrogen sulfide gas plume. The hydrogen sulfide imaging camera (HSIC) disclosed herein can image the gas leak coming from the source and can track the gas leak across its field-of-view until the gas leak leaves or is reduced in concentration below the detection threshold. In this way, the HSIC can have a very large coverage area and can detect the gas leak at its source without having to wait for the gas cloud to come in physical contact with the HSIC or to cross a single optical path. Thus, the HSIC disclosed herein can image H₂S gas leaks better than other systems, such as electrochemical or semiconductor devices, or open path sensors.

Another advantage of the HSIC is that it is easy for the user to verify alarms based on video streams and/or images of the gas cloud. Other devices (e.g., point sensors) can be used in conjunction with the HSIC's video feed to locate the cloud. Further, with the HSIC, the user can easily find and fix the gas leaks because the user can see the source of the gas leak. Such an imaging system can provide complete information for an effective response for a H₂S gas leak. By contrast, point sensors can only indicate whether the sensor detects a particular chemical. Point sensors do not provide the user with a visual image to monitor the location of the leak over time. Moreover, the systems disclosed herein can include processing electronics that are configured to identify H₂S and estimate the concentration of H₂S in the gas cloud. Additional details of methods for estimating gas concentrations may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/792,477, published as US 2016/0097713, filed Jul. 6, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. Because the HSIC can self-calibrate, the HSIC has relatively low maintenance costs. The HSIC can also be manufactured to have a small size, low weight, and low power consumption. For example, the HSIC may be miniaturized in some embodiments to fit within the size, weight, and/or power parameters disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/700,791, published as US 2015/0316473, filed Apr. 30, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

Thus, the embodiments of the HSIC disclosed herein represent a new type of device for detecting explosive and/or toxic gas plumes with a particular focus on hydrogen sulfide. The HSIC can comprise a passive infrared spectral imaging camera that can visualize a hydrogen sulfide gas cloud at levels below the lethal concentration when the gas cloud is exposed to ambient sunlight. The HSIC can also be combined with external light sources, such as infrared light emitting diodes, to enhance detection during the night but which may also help during the day (e.g. during periods of insufficient sunlight and/or cloud cover).

The HSIC can detect the absorption signature of hydrogen sulfide in the short wave infrared region (1-1.7 microns) and/or the longwave infrared region (7-14 microns). The advantage of these spectral regions is that there are absorption bands where hydrogen sulfide has a dominating absorption signal compared to other common gases found in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, such as water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and methane (CH₄). Two of these spectral absorption regions that are particularly useful are the wavelength bands having wavelengths of 1.5-1.7 microns and 8.8-9.0 microns.

With a relatively small number of spectral bands (e.g., about 1-20 bands) in each of these regions, the HSIC can identify hydrogen sulfide from other gases present based on its unique absorption spectral shape. The HSIC can also determine the concentration of the gas plume based on the strength of the absorption spectral signal.

The HSIC can be used for fixed-installation continuous monitoring, and can also be mounted to a land or aerial vehicle (manned or unmanned) for mobile monitoring of sites. The HSIC can also be used as a hand-held video HSIC, or as a wearable gas monitoring device, similar to existing point sensors that are attached to clothing. For example, in some embodiments, the HSIC may be embodied in a mobile system, which may be similar to the mobile DAISI systems disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/700,791, published as 2015/0316473, filed Apr. 30, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

Various experimental data has been developed to verify the efficacy of the HSIC system. For example, a detailed optical radiometric model for hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas and other commonly present gases found with H₂S including water, methane, CO₂ and SO₂, has been developed. The radiometric model was validated through experimentation with similarly absorbing gases (primarily methane). Performance parameters for the HSIC were then extrapolated from the model to demonstrate the viability of the HSIC system. Additional details of this model are described herein.

The absorption spectra described herein were derived from digitizing HITRAN data (available at https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/), following a Lorentzian assumption for line broadening (pressure and temperature). The linewidths may be approximated as being the weighted average of the foreign linewidth with the self linewidth, where “self” and “foreign” are the fractions of concentration of that same molecule in the atmosphere versus that of all others. For example, at 5% humidity at standard temperature and pressure (STP), the concentration of water molecules in air is 1.56%. Thus the linewidth γ_(total) can be formed by taking γ_(total)=0.984γ_(foreign)+0.0156γ_(self)

The above linewidth γ_(total) may give the appearance that the self-broadening term is not significant, but, typically, γ_(self) is a lot larger than γ_(foreign), which means that the self-broadening term is significant when the self-concentration fraction is not negligible. For water vapor, the self-broadening width is about 5 times larger than that of the foreign broadening term. At 5% humidity, the self-broadening term only increases the linewidth by about 6%, but at 50% humidity, the water concentration increases to 15.6% of the air, and then the self-broadening increases the linewidth by 58%. However, for all of the spectra below, self-broadening has been ignored. Additional details for this subject matter may be found at least in Chapter 2 of Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux, Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation (published by Wiley, printed in Darmstadt, 2006).

The above HITRAN conversion model does not calculate the shifting of the line strengths with changes in temperature. (The molecular orbital population ratios shift as temperature changes.) As long as the temperatures remain close to 300 K, such shifting of line strengths should be small for gas constituents in atmosphere.

FIG. 17 is a plot illustrating the H₂S absorption spectrum across a large optical range above visible light wavelengths. In the visible range and below, the HITRAN database has no absorption peaks at all, so the absorption is negligible below about 0.9 μm. As shown in FIG. 17, for a broad spectrum of light, the H₂S absorption spectrum overlaps and/or is close to the absorption spectra of other chemicals that may be found at sites to be monitored (such as oil fields, petroleum plants, etc.). For example, as shown in FIG. 17, the absorption spectra for H₂S may include peaks that are very close to absorption peaks of chemicals such as methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Moreover, as shown in FIG. 17, the H₂S absorption spectrum may have many local peaks and minima across multiple wavelengths. Accordingly, those skilled in the art would recognize that it can be challenging to identify H₂S using spectral techniques, at least because many hydrocarbons and other common chemicals have similar or overlapping absorption spectra.

FIG. 18A is a plot illustrating the band-averaged spectra for H₂S in the shortwave infrared region (SWIR) as compared with other chemicals that are often found at sites to be monitored for gas leaks. FIG. 18B is a plot illustrating the band-averaged spectra for H₂S in the mid-wave infrared region (MWIR) as compared with the other chemicals. FIG. 18C is a plot illustrating the band-averaged spectra for H₂S in the long wave infrared region (LWIR) as compared with the other chemicals. In FIG. 18A, the regions where H₂S exceeds that of water are cross-hatched in the three illustrated regions. In the absorption plots illustrated herein, the plots represent the absorption cross-section per molecule of each chemical. Thus, the absorption plots shown herein account for any differences in concentration between the chemicals.

Tables 1 and 2 below summarize several of the spectral regions in which the absorption of H₂S is strong compared to that of the other chemicals. For example, Tables 1 and 2 below compare the mean absorption of the various gases over the spectral regions of interest.

TABLE 1 Band averages in the LWIR Waverange Band-averaged cross-section Ratio of band-averaged cross-section (um) Methane H2S Water CO2 SO2 H2S/CH4 H2S/H2O H2S/CO2 H2S/SO2 8.82-8.85 8.06e−29 2.04e−27 2.54e−29 2.98e−29 4.89e−25 25.276 80.071 68.263 0.004 9.33-9.37 2.43e−29 3.47e−28 1.62e−29 1 1.26e−26 14.274 21.466 1.637 0.028 9.73-9.76 1.61e−29 1.76e−28 1.21e−29 6.89e−29 1.80e−28 19.952 14.553 2.552 0.978

TABLE 2 Band averages in the SWIR Filter-averaged cross-section Ratio of filter-averaged cross-section Filter Methane H2S Water CO2 SO2 H2S/CH4 H2S/H2O H2S/CO2 H2S/SO2 1550 1.18e−29 6.11e−28 2.32e−29 2.99e−29 4.09e−30 51.780 26.346 20.452 149.213 1560 1.32e−29 2.59e−27 1.73e−29 6.03e−29 4.16e−30 197.107 149.752 42.985 149.213 1570 1.15e−29 7.56e−27 1.46e−29 5.52e−28 4.23e−30 657.090 517.523 13.695 149.213 1590 2.66e−29 4.53e−27 1.64e−29 1.34e−28 4.37e−30 170.155 275.718 33.831 149.213 1650 3.99e−26 1.11e−28 2.32e−29 7.78e−29 4.81e−30 0.003 4.773 1.424 149.213

FIGS. 19A and 19B are plots illustrating magnified views of the band-averaged H₂S absorption spectra in the SWIR and LWIR, respectively. The plots of FIGS. 19A and 19B are obtained by averaging the peaks of the absorption signal over a band of wavelengths. FIG. 20 is a plot illustrating a further magnified view of the H₂S absorption spectra in the SWIR. To detect and/or identify H₂S gas, it can be important to analyze light at wavelengths which have a relatively high absorption of H₂S and relative low absorption of other chemicals commonly at sites to be monitored (such as CO₂, SO₂, water, methane, etc.). As shown in FIGS. 19A and 20, for example, several regions 1900 in the SWIR include wavelength ranges in which the H₂S absorption is higher than that of the other chemicals of interest, e.g., methane, water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. By contrast, as shown in FIG. 19B, in the LWIR, other chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and/or methane may dominate the absorption spectra, making it challenging to identify H₂S in the presence of these gases.

Accordingly, in various embodiments, it can be advantageous to analyze light reflected from an object, such as a gas cloud at a site of interest that includes wavelengths in the SWIR. Although various embodiments disclosed herein may include filtering and/or analyzing light in the SWIR, in other embodiments, light in the MWIR and/or LWIR wavelengths may be filtered and/or analyzed to identify H₂S.

SWIR Detection and SNR

The radiometric model for detection of H₂S generally assumes that the sun is the primary light source, with reflected sunlight as the background against which to view the gas. For this model, a Planck blackbody curve can be constructed for the spectral radiance of the sun, assuming a blackbody temperature of 5777 K. The sunlight passes through the atmosphere, so the blackbody spectral radiance L_(bb) can be multiplied by the estimated spectral transmission of the atmosphere T_(atm). (The atmospheric transmission data was obtained from [http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/telescopes-and-sites/ob serving-condition-constraints/ir-transmission-spectra]). Next an integration over the solid angle of the sun, Ω, can be conducted to obtain the spectral irradiance at the object, which can be multiplied by the cosine of the object tilt angle θ₁ to get the projected irradiance: I _(obj)(λ)=Ω_(⊙) cos θ₁ T _(atm) L _(bb)(λ;T=5777 K)

The projected irradiance can be multiplied by the object's reflectivity R_(obj) and by the cosine of the surface's tilt angle with respect to the viewer θ₂. Assuming a Lambertian reflector, dividing the result by π converts the reflected emittance into a reflected radiance:

${L_{obj}(\lambda)} = {\frac{1}{\pi}{I_{obj}(\lambda)}{R_{obj}(\lambda)}\cos\theta_{2}}$

The HSIC equation can be used to convert an object radiance into an irradiance at the focal plane, using the transmission of the optics T_(opt) and the lens f-number f#:

${l_{fpa}(\lambda)} = {\frac{\pi T_{opt}}{{4.0}f_{\#}^{2}}{L_{obj}(\lambda)}}$

The object irradiance can be multiplied by the pixel area p², the detector quantum efficiency spectrum η(λ), and the exposure time t to convert the irradiance into a photoelectron count: N(λ)=tp ²η(λ)I _(fpa)(λ)

The photoelectron count can be integrated over the spectral width of the measurement collected by that pixel: N=∫ _(λ) _(min) ^(λ) ^(max) N(λ)dλ

As one example, a 12 nm full-width half maximum (FWHM) optical filter can be placed behind the lens of a SWIR HSIC and the following parameters shown in Table 3 can be inserted into the measurement model, together with an integration time of 10 ms, and a lens with an estimated f-number of 1.5. The resulting spectrum produced by the model for the 1.4-1.6 μm spectral range is shown in FIG. 21. In particular, FIG. 21 is a plot illustrating the estimated photoelectron count per pixel for the SWIR measurement model under solar illumination.

TABLE 3 Parameters used to define the SWIR measurement model format 512 × 640 bit depth 14 f-number 1.5 frame rate 100 fps pixel size, p 25.0 μm rms noise 400 electrons channel width, Δλ 8.0 nm well depth 1 900 000 electrons optics transmission, 0.7 gain 116 electrons/ct T_(opt) quantum efficiency 0.7

When imaging a high-reflectivity object under solar illumination, the saturation point of the HSIC (1.9 million photoelectrons) can be reached when integrating for just 5 ms. Also, for this example measurement, fluctuations in the measured signal due to Poisson noise can be seen at about sqrt(1900000)=1378 photelectrons, which is equivalent to an SNR of 1378. This means that changes in intensity within a pixel should be seen if the change is more than one part in 1378.

The column density of H₂S gas needed to produce a change in the background measurement equivalent to the noise level (i.e. the “noise equivalent column density”, NECD) can also be calculated. If it is assumed that the optical filter used for measuring H₂S gas is centered at 1590 nm, and has a FWHM of 3 nm, then the absorption cross-section a of the gas is 8.34e-27 m⁻². Using Beer's Law, the absorption A can be calculated as: A=1−exp(−σnl), where n is the molecular number density of the gas (2.687e25 molecules/m³ at standard atmospheric temperature and pressure), and l is the path length through the gas. For a weak gas, this equation is accurately approximated in the weak absorption regime as A=σnl, which can be solved as: nl=A/σ.

If the number density is represented in terms of “ppm” (parts per million), this becomes: nl=(2.687e25 ppm m³)×A/σ.

For the problem of detecting H₂S gas, the minimum observable absorption value is 1/1378, which can be substituted into this equation to give the noise-equivalent column density as NECD(ppm·m)=nl=(2.687e25 ppm m³)/(1378σ)=3238 ppm·m.

The NECD is the single-pixel detection value. If multiple pixels are used for detection (such as by binning the detector array or by smoothing), or average multiple frames of data, then this NECD value can be reduced substantially by at least an order of magnitude, which places the NECD at 323.8 ppm·m which is below the lethal limit for hydrogen sulfide.

Experimental Demonstration

Experiments have been performed to demonstrate that these numbers are approximately correct. For the example experiment, rather than releasing H₂S (which is a dangerous gas to humans), methane gas was used, as it is much safer to humans. Thus, the measurement used a different optical filter than the H₂S measurement would use, and the absorption cross-section is also different. However, once the demonstration result for methane has been obtained, then the measured SNR can be scaled by the expected difference between the experiment measurement and an equivalent one for detecting H₂S. For the experiment, a filter centered at 1650 nm with a FWHM of 12 nm was chosen. For this filter, the absorption cross-section for methane should be 4.0e-26 m². Thus, the absorption cross-section will be 4.78 times more than it would be for the H₂S measurement.

FIGS. 22A-22D show an example experimental setup, in which a narrow hose (7 mm inner diameter) extends into a tube, and the HSIC is imaging disposed in the tube. Behind the tube is a source of roughly uniform illumination (reflection of light from a tungsten-halogen light bulb). At the beginning of the measurement (FIG. 22A), there is no methane present. As shown in FIG. 22B, the methane source can be activated such that methane is ejected from the hose and hits the far wall of the tube. FIG. 22B shows the absorption signal of methane scaled by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). If the image of FIG. 22B is binned, FIG. 22C can be obtained. For example, spatial binning of pixels (e.g., 1×1 binning, 2×2 binning, 4×4 binning) can be performed to reduce the noise. If the image of FIG. 22C is smoothed (e.g., using a uniform 3×3 smoothing kernel), the image of FIG. 22D can be obtained, indicating that the methane signal just outside the hose has an SNR of about 4, while the methane pushed up against the wall produces an SNR of almost 9.

The measurements of FIGS. 22A-22D were taken at a frame rate of 100 Hz. For gas cloud detection, a frame rate of approximately 15 Hz is sufficient, which allows the use of an average measurement over every 6 frames. For a stationary signal, this should improve the SNR by a factor of √6=2.45, giving a final measurement SNR of 4×2.45=10.

Since the above measurement used pure methane, the column density can be estimated using the known geometry of the hose. For pure gas (1000000 ppm) and a path length of 7 mm, the resulting column density is 7000 ppm·m. Thus, the lower limit of H₂S measurement sensitivity can be estimated as about: 7000 ppm·m×(4.78/10)=3350 ppm·m

The estimated sensitivity for H₂S is for the gas that is exiting just outside the release point. One feature that has consistently been observed when imaging hydrocarbon gases is that the release point often produces the weakest signal for measurement. When the gas collects at some distance from the leak, the gas tends to produce local regions of higher column density that improve the measurement signal. This phenomena is what was observed in the methane experiment above as well. Note that the source used in this experiment was generated using a lamp rather than the sun, which reduces the initial signal level affecting the final measurement.

Based on these experiments and the optical model, the primary spectral band for detection of H₂S in the SWIR can be about 1590 nm with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 3 nm. A single filter imaging system at this spectral band may have sufficient differentiation for operators to identify and fix H₂S leaks. A multi-filter imaging system (e.g., two or more spectral bands) can allow for automatic detection of H₂S. These bands can be adjacent to this primary spectral band or separate. One potential spectral band to include is wavelengths at or near 1650 nm with a bandwidth of approximately 12 nm, which is a dominate absorption region for methane gas. H₂S and methane are commonly found together and these two spectral bands can be used to isolate each gas from one another. More spectral bands may provide additional capabilities for separation of other gases and/or removal of common false alarms such as steam, people, clouds, solar glints, etc. In some embodiments, the HSIC disclosed herein can also detect the presence of CO₂, SO₂, etc.

FIG. 23 is a schematic system diagram of a hydrogen sulfide imaging camera (HSIC) 2300, according to various embodiments. In the embodiment of FIG. 23, the HSIC 2300 has a single common front objective lens 2301 which collects light from the scene which has a hydrogen sulfide gas plume. The front objective lens 2301 can comprise a fixed focus lens or a zoom lens. A field reference 2311 can be located at the intermediate image plane created by the front objective lens. The field reference 2311 may be important when using uncooled microbolometers where a common field reference can reduce sensor response fluctuations and preserve calibration for a longer period of time, as explained herein. A collecting lens 2302 can gather the light from the intermediate image plane and transfer it toward a dichroic beamsplitter 2303. The dichroic beamsplitter 2303 can reflect a portion of the light's wavelengths and transmit the rest. By placing another dichroic beamsplitter 2304 behind the first beamsplitter 2303, it may be possible to create multiple (e.g., three or more) light paths with different spectral content. For each light path a re-imaging lens 2305, 2308, or 2309 can be placed behind the respective dichroic beamsplitter 2303, 2304, and can form a spectrally filtered image onto respective separate detectors 2306, 2307, or 2310. The detectors 2306, 2307, 2310 can be any suitable detector or detector array, such as a semiconductor imaging detector array, e.g., a Group III-V semiconductor, a Group II-VI semiconductor, an Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) optical detector array, quantum well detectors, HgCdTe infrared detectors, or an array of microbolometers. In some embodiments, a light source 2320 can be used to illuminate the scene to be imaged. The light source can comprise an infrared light emitting diode (LED), a xenon lamp, a laser, or a laser diode. The components of the HSIC can be in electrical and data communication with a processing unit 2322 which can control the operation of the HSIC and can be configured to process the acquired image data to detect chemical species of interest.

For example, in some embodiments, the HSIC 2300 shown in FIG. 23 can split the incoming light into a first light path (or optical channel) that passes wavelengths in which H₂S has high absorption and a second light path (or optical channel) that blocks or attenuates H₂S and other gases which are commonly present at sites to be monitored. The second light path may therefore include light that approximates the background radiation, which can be subtracted from the light from the first light path to identify any H₂S gas present in the imaged scene. Similarly, a third light path can pass wavelengths (and attenuate others) at which another chemical, such as carbon dioxide, has a high spectral absorption magnitude. A fourth light path can pass wavelengths (and attenuate others) at which yet another chemical, such as methane, has a high spectral absorption magnitude. Any suitable number of light paths can be defined. Such light paths can beneficially enable the HSIC 2300 to identify and distinguish between numerous different types of gases, such as H₂S, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.

FIG. 24 is a schematic system diagram of a HSIC 2400, according to another embodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 24, the HSIC 2400 can have a single common front objective lens 2401 which can collect light from the scene (which may include an object such as a gas cloud having at least some H₂S). The front objective lens 2401 can comprise a fixed focus lens or a zoom lens. A field stop 2402 can be located at the intermediate image plane created by the front objective lens 2401. The field stop 2402 can limit the size of the image and may be used to reduce the size of the spectrally filtered images on a focal plane array 2406 at which one or more detectors are disposed. A collecting lens 2403 can gather the light from the intermediate image plane and can transmit the gathered light toward an array of filters 2404. Each filter 2404 can pass a certain portion of the wavelengths from the scene. For example, as explained above, one or more filters may pass wavelengths in which H₂S has high absorption characteristics, and other filters may pass wavelengths at which carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and/or methane have high absorption characteristics. One or more filters may pass broadband background light that excludes the wavelengths at which H₂S, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, and/or other chemicals have high absorption characteristics. A lenslet array 2405 can be placed behind the array of filters 2404 and can form an array of spectrally filtered images onto the focal plane array 2406 (which may comprise a single FPA or multiple FPAs). As with FIG. 23, the HSIC 2400 can also include a light source 2420 and a processing unit 2422, in various embodiments. The FPA 2406 can comprise any suitable type of optical detector array, such as a semiconductor imaging detector array, e.g., a Group III-V semiconductor, a Group II-VI semiconductor, an Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) optical detector array, quantum well detectors, HgCdTe infrared detectors, or an array of microbolometers.

One advantage of the embodiment shown in FIG. 24 is that the HSIC 2400 can lower costs since the HSIC 2400 may utilize a single focal plane array 2406. In addition, the illustrated system 2400 may be compact and can provide a large number of spectral bands within a small package, e.g., the HSIC 2400 can include multiple spatially and spectrally different optical channels for transferring portions of IR radiation to the FPA 2406. The system 2400 can also have a zoom lens in front which allows for detection of small leaks at a large distance away.

FIGS. 25A-25D are schematic system diagrams of various embodiments of a HSIC 2500. For example, FIG. 25A illustrates a HSIC 2500 having a unitary or single detector array 2506, e.g., a semiconductor imaging detector array, e.g., a Group III-V semiconductor, a Group II-VI semiconductor, an Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) optical detector array, quantum well detectors, HgCdTe infrared detectors, or an array of microbolometers in some embodiments. A plurality of spatially and spectrally different channels can be defined to transfer infrared radiation (e.g., SWIR) onto the detector array 2506. For example, in some embodiments, the HSIC 2500 can comprise an array of filters 2504 disposed forward of a corresponding array of lenses 2505. In various embodiments, each optical channel (which may be defined at least in part by the filters 2504 and/or the lenses 2505) can be configured to pass infrared radiation at wavelengths corresponding to the spectral signature of one or more particular chemicals, such as H₂S, CO₂, SO₂, H₂O, and CH₄. Although the optical channel(s) illustrated herein may include the filter(s) and lens(s), in other embodiments, the optical channel(s) may be defined in other ways and/or may include other components. For example, in some embodiments, the detector chip may be doped in such a manner so as to record image data for only certain band(s) of wavelengths. As another example, where the detector or detector array comprises a quantum well detector, the quantum well detector can be tuned to selectively record image data for selected infrared wavelength ranges. Thus, in other embodiments, the optical channel can include the detector chip and/or filters coupled to or formed with the detector chip.

In FIG. 25B, the HSIC 2500 is similar to the HSIC 2500 in FIG. 25A, except the array of filters 2504 is disposed behind the lenses 2505 between the lenses 2505 and the detector array 2506. In FIG. 25C, the HSIC 2500 is similar to the HSIC 2500 of FIG. 25A, except the detector array 2506 comprises multiple detector arrays, e.g., multiple microbolometer arrays. Each optical channel (e.g., each combination of filter 2504 and corresponding lens(es) 2505) can transfer infrared radiation onto an associated detector array 2506. In FIG. 25D, the HSIC 2500 is similar to the HSIC 2500 of FIG. 25C, except multiple optical channels can transfer radiation to a particular detector array 2506, e.g., multiple combinations of filters 2504 and lenses 2505 can direct radiation to the same detector array 2506.

As explained above, the HSIC 2300, 2400, 2500 can include a processing unit 2322, 2422 comprising processing electronics configured to process image data detected by the detector arrays. The processing electronics can be configured to identify whether the detected image data comprises infrared spectra representative of H₂S gas. Moreover, the processing electronics can be configured to detect the concentration of H₂S gas in the scene. Advantageously, the HSIC can include processing electronics that detects H₂S gas at a wide range of concentrations, including concentrations below and above levels that are dangerous to humans. For example, in various embodiments, the HSICs disclosed herein can beneficially detect H₂S gas at concentrations in a range of 1 ppm·m to 5,000 ppm·m, e.g., in a range of 100 ppm·m to 2,500 ppm·m, or more particularly, in a range of 500 ppm·m to 1500 ppm·m, e.g., in a range of 800 ppm·m to 1200 ppm·m (such as 1000 ppm·m).

Filter Design for H₂S Gas Detection

As explained above, the absorption spectrum for H₂S gas may at least partially overlap and/or may include peaks that are close to the absorption spectra for other chemicals that are commonly found at sites to be monitored (such as oil wells, petroleum refinement facilities, etc.). For example, as illustrated at least in FIGS. 17-20, the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas may overlap or have peaks that are close to the corresponding absorption spectra of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and water. Accordingly, it can be difficult to selectively detect H₂S gas based on only the H₂S absorption spectrum without accounting for the absorption spectra of the other commonly found chemicals. For example, if one were to filter optical signals based solely on local or global maxima in the H₂S absorption spectrum, the filtered signals may not accurately identify H₂S gas in a gas cloud leak, because the presence of other chemicals may interfere with accurate H₂S identification.

Thus, it can be advantageous to select an optical filter for an H₂S gas detection channel (such as the filters 2303-2304, 2404, 2504) that passes wavelengths of light that have high H₂S gas absorption and low absorption of the other chemicals (e.g., CO₂, CH₄, SO₂, and H₂O). In addition, a background radiation channel can be defined to include a filter that minimizes or reduces the absorption signal from chemicals typically present at sites to be monitored (e.g., the signals of H₂S, CO₂, CH₄, H₂O, SO₂). In some embodiments, a methane gas detection channel can be defined to include a filter that increases or maximizes the methane signal and reduces or minimizes the absorption signals of the other chemicals (e.g., the signals of H₂S, CO₂, H₂O, SO₂). In some embodiments, a carbon dioxide gas detection channel can be defined to include a filter that increases or maximizes the CO₂ signal and reduces or minimizes the signals of the other chemicals (e.g., the signals of H₂S, CH₄, H₂O, SO₂).

The filters described herein can comprise transmissive or reflective filters having a passband with a center frequency and a width (FWHM). The filter can comprise a filter element, such as an interference filter or any other suitable type of filter. For example, the filter can comprise one or more layers of transmissive material formed or otherwise coupled together. For example, in embodiments that utilize an interference filter, the filter can comprise a plurality of transmissive layers with a thickness selected to pass a band of wavelengths and selectively attenuate other wavelengths. In some embodiments, it should be appreciated that the optical filter disclosed herein can include one or more filter components. For example, in some embodiments, the optical filter can comprise a single passband filter component configured to selectively pass the wavelengths of interest. In other embodiments, the optical filter can comprise multiple filter components constructed such that the multiple components selectively pass the wavelengths of interest. For example, in some embodiments, the optical filter can comprise a combination of a high pass filter component and a low pass filter component that, taken in combination, pass a band of desired wavelengths. Moreover, although the optical filters disclosed herein may be described as selectively passing light within a band of wavelengths and attenuating light outside the band, the optical filters may have multiple passbands at different wavelength ranges.

As shown in FIG. 24, for example, the HSIC 2400 can include a H₂S gas detection channel C1, a CH₄ gas detection channel C2, a CO₂ gas detection channel C3, and a background radiation channel C4. The background radiation channel C4 can be configured to pass background radiation with little or no contribution from the gases commonly found at the site to be monitored (e.g., H₂S, CO₂, CH₄, SO₂, H₂O). In other embodiments, the HSIC 2400 can include gas detection channels for the detection of SO₂ and H₂O. As shown in FIGS. 25A-25D, the HSIC 2500 can include numerous channels for the detection of any suitable number of chemicals. In various embodiments, to detect and/or identify H₂S gas, the H₂S gas detection channel C1 can capture a signal representative of H₂S and background radiation (e.g., sunlight). By subtracting the signal of the background radiation channel C4 from the signal of the H₂S channel C1 (e.g., with the processing electronics), the estimated H₂S gas signal can be determined. Similar calculations can be made with respect to C2 and C3 for the detection and identification of CH₄ and CO₂, respectively. For example, to estimate the amount of CH₄ in the scene, the processing electronics can subtract the background radiation channel C4 (e.g., an OFF channel) from the CH₄ channel C2. To estimate the amount of CO₂ in the scene, the processing electronics can subtract the background radiation channel C4 (e.g., an OFF channel) from the CO₂ channel C3. In addition, similar calculations can be made for other channels to identify other chemicals in the imaged scene, such as water and/or sulfur dioxide.

As explained herein, the HSIC can detect H₂S gas in the presence of the other chemicals (such as CH₄, CO₂, H₂O, SO₂), even where the concentrations and/or signals of the H₂S gas are small compared with the concentrations and/or signals of the other gases. As explained herein with respect to Table 7 below, for example, if the HSIC detects other gases (such as CO₂ or CH₄) even within the H₂S channel C1, the processing electronics of the HSIC can estimate the contribution of the signal in the H₂S channel C1 from CH₄ and/or CO₂ (and, indeed, other commonly found chemicals) based on the in-band signal for the H₂S channel C1 of CH₄ and/or CO₂. For example, the processing electronics can use a weighted average of the in-band signals of CH₄ and/or CO₂ for the H₂S channel C1 to compare how much of the signal in the H₂S channel C1 is representative of each of H₂S, CO₂, CH₄, etc. A similar analysis can be performed by the processing electronics for the other channels. Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can beneficially detect H₂S gas in the presence of large concentrations of other chemicals.

To at least partially define the respective optical channels, the filters (such as filters 2303-2304, 2404, 2504) can be selected to have passbands which selectively pass radiation in which the absorption of the chemical to be detected (e.g., H₂S) is larger than the absorption of the other commonly-found chemicals (e.g., CO₂, CH₄, SO₂, H₂O). The passband for each filter can define a band of wavelengths centered at a central wavelength. To determine a desirable passband for the H₂S filter, a filter transmission model was developed and convolved with the highest-resolution H₂S absorption spectra available, to prevent or mitigate any errors due to sampling.

FIG. 26A is a plot illustrating the convolution of a Gaussian filter model with the H₂S absorption spectrum at increasing widths of the filter passband. By way of comparison, FIG. 26B is a plot illustrating the convolution of the Gaussian filter model with the CO₂ absorption spectrum. Similarly, FIG. 26C is a plot illustrating the convolution of the Gaussian filter model with the CH₄ absorption spectrum. FIG. 26D is a plot illustrating a ratio of the convolution spectra of H₂S to CO₂. In each of FIGS. 26A-26D and 27A-27D, the legend reports the widths of the filter passbands in nanometers, with “a” representing the filter model and “c” representing the spectrum convolution. Thus, for example, “a3.0” represents the filter model with a passband having a width of 3.0 nm, and “c3.0” represents the convolution at the 3.0 nm passband width.

The resolution of the plots in FIGS. 26A-26D and 27A-27D is 0.001 nm per wavelength sample. In order to determine what the desired filter widths should be, the convolution was performed for a sequence of Gaussian widths: w=2.2 nm, 3.2 nm, 4.2 nm, etc. Wider filters allow more light into the HSIC, and can therefore improve the background-limited SNR. However, wider filters may also be less sensitive to gas absorption, and may be less specific to a given gas (e.g., the weighted average absorption of the gas within the filter passband gets smaller as the filter widens). Thus, the filter curves shown in FIGS. 26A-26D are normalized such that the height of the convolution curve directly indicates the absorption sensitivity, i.e., a higher curve indicates a better ability to detect weak absorption.

From FIGS. 26A-26D, the maximum sensitivity to H₂S absorption occurs at a wavelength of about 1.57 μm. However, it may be undesirable to select a filter with a passband centered at (or including) 1.57 μm wavelength light, because the CO₂ sensitivity is also high at about 1.57 μm (see FIG. 26B). Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 26D, a ratio R can be defined as C_(H2S):C_(CO2), with C_(H2S) being defined as the convolution of the Gaussian filter model with the absorption spectrum of H₂S and with C_(CO2) being defined as the convolution of the Gaussian filter model with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. From FIG. 26D, it can be seen that the wavelength at which the two signals C_(H2S) and C_(CO2) are farthest apart occurs in a relatively narrow region around 1.591 μm. The ratio R is highest for the narrowest filter simulated (FWHM=3.0 nm: Rmax=318 at 1.5905 μm), and declines the filter passband widens. Table 4 below summarizes example results from the optical simulation.

TABLE 4 Parameters used to define the SWIR measurement model center wavelength filter width R_(max) 1.5905 μm 3.0 nm 318 1.5915 μm 5.0 nm 267 1.5928 μm 7.5 nm 238 1.5922 μm 10.0 nm 172 1.5915 μm 12.5 nm 109

FIGS. 26A-26D illustrate a Gaussian filter model for the optical channels, but it should be appreciated that other types of filters can be used. For example, FIGS. 27A-27B illustrate example spectra for a flattop-exponential filter model. In particular, FIG. 27A is a plot illustrating the convolution of a flattop-exponential filter model (operating in collimated space) with the H₂S absorption spectrum at steadily increasing filter widths. FIG. 27B is a plot illustrating the convolution of a flattop-exponential filter model with the CO₂ absorption spectrum. FIG. 27C is a plot illustrating the convolution of a flattop-exponential filter model with the CH₄ absorption spectrum. FIG. 27D is a plot illustrating a ratio of the convolution spectra of H₂S to CO₂ for the flattop-exponential filter model.

In various embodiments, if the bandpass range of the filter is widened, more light is collected, which enables the measurement of the H₂S gas when the scene brightness is relatively low. However, a wide filter also means that the average absorption through the filter decreases, such that discriminating between H₂S and CO₂ is more difficult (lower ratio R) than for narrower passband ranges. If a narrower passband filter is selected, then both absorption sensitivity and the ratio R can be relatively high. The measurement model indicates that a 3 nm wide filter may be close to saturating the detector when measuring a high reflectivity object in direct sunlight, which risks a decrease in measurement sensitivity. Measurements also indicate that a 3 nm wide filter at a central wavelength of 1.5905 μm exhibits good detection sensitivity and discrimination, while a 10 nm wide filter centered at 1.5922 μm exhibits good light collection and manufacturing tolerances used for manufacturing the filter.

FIG. 28A is a plot illustrating the ratio of the filtered H₂S signal to the filtered CO₂ signal, magnified to show the ratio spectrum at wavelengths between 1.588 μm and 1.595 μm. FIG. 28B is a plot illustrating the H₂S absorption spectrum magnified to show the spectrum at wavelengths between 1.588 μm and 1.595 μm. In particular, FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate spectra for a relatively narrow filter (3 nm FWHM±0.5 nm) and a relatively wide filter (10 nm FWHM±0.5 nm). In various embodiments, the manufacturing tolerance for the filter widths is about ±0.5 nm. Thus, in FIGS. 28A-28B, three curves are illustrated for each of the two filters, showing the filter as-designed, the filter at the lower bound of the filter width tolerance, and the filter at the upper bound of the filter width tolerance. The curves of FIGS. 28A-28B also show rectangles (shown in diagonal hatching) that give the ±1 nm range that is the tolerance of the filter's central wavelength. The combination of the tolerances on the central wavelength and on the upper and lower bounds of the filter passband can indicate the overall possible range in performance for the as-manufactured filter. The results are shown in Table 5 below, where the term “sensitivity” is used for the weighted-average absorption cross-section across the filter. The arrows indicate the performance at two ends of the tolerancing limits of the center wavelength.

TABLE 5 Sensitivity of Filter to Manufacturing Tolerances center wavelength filter width sensitivity/10⁻²⁷ R_(max) 1.5903 μm 2.5 nm 7.74 ← 8.81 → 5.89 254 ← 349 → 260 3.0 nm 7.40 ← 7.92 → 6.34 238 ← 307 → 279 3.5 nm 6.92 ← 7.24 → 6.43 219 ← 280 → 281 1.5922 μm 9.5 nm 4.60 ← 4.78 → 4.82 158 ← 185 → 156 10.0 nm 4.56 ← 4.68 → 4.72 155 ← 172 → 136 10.5 nm 4.50 ← 4.57 → 4.67 144 ← 109 → 119

As shown in Table 5, the sensitivity and the discrimination are both lower for the wider 10 nm wide filter. Even though the wider 10 nm filter enables the ability to work at lower light levels, the higher sensitivities for the narrow 3 nm filter may be beneficial. From these results, example filter design parameters are shown in Table 6 below, where the “OFF” filter indicates the filter that passes background radiation and attenuates the other common gases.

TABLE 6 Filter Design Example filter center filter width wavelength (um) FWHM (nm) OFF 1.5500 ± 3.0 3.0 ± 0.5 H2S 1.5903 ± 1.0 3.0 ± 0.5 CH4 1.6660 ± 1.0 3.0 ± 0.5

In some embodiments, as shown in Table 6, the filter widths can be the same to ensure that the different filters saturate at about the same integration time, in order to simplify operation of the HSIC. In addition, as explained herein, a narrowband filter may shift to shorter wavelengths as the angle of incidence increases. Thus, if the filter is placed in front of the lens (in collimated space), the center of the field may be at normal incidence to the filter, but the edges of the field may have their passbands shifted to shorter wavelengths than those for the center. The magnitude of the passband shift can be estimated by:

${{\lambda(\theta)} = {{\lambda(0)}\left( {1 - \frac{\sin^{2}\theta}{n_{eff}^{2}}} \right)^{1/2}}},$ where θ is the angle of incidence and n_(eff) is a unique index of refraction for the filter. For the filters disclosed herein, n_(eff)=1.7, which produces the wavelength shift shown in FIG. 29. One way to mitigate such a wavelength shift of the passband is to place the filter at or near the system pupil in order to increase the field of view and decrease the angular dependence of the filter.

An additional consideration is the degree to which the filter blocks or transmits out-of-band signals. In the model, the out-of-band transmission value can be treated as a constant to determine the amount of the other signals (e.g., signals representing H₂S, CO₂, etc.) that are transmitted, which can be compared with the in-band filter signal. For the H₂S filter and the background radiation filter (denoted “OFF”), the signal can be collected for the in-band filter and for two different out-of-band Tout transmission values as shown in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 Comparison of In-Band and Out-of-Band Signal Transmission out-of-band signal in-band signal T_(out) = 1.0e−4 T_(out) = 1.0e−5 H2S filter: H2S signal 297.22 0.40 0.04 CO2 signal 1.13 0.10 0.01 CH4 signal 0.95 3.85 0.39 OFF filter: H2S signal 22.56 0.40 0.04 CO2 signal 0.83 0.10 0.01 CH4 signal 0.45 3.85 0.39

Thus, as shown in Table 7, to prevent detection of CO₂ or CH₄ when the system is trying to detect H₂S, the HCIS can ensure that the out-of-band signal for CO₂ and CH₄ are less than 1/100 or 1/1000 that of the H₂S in-band signal. For example, in some embodiments, the H₂S channel (i.e., the channel configured to detect H₂S) can be configured such that the signals for CO₂ and CH₄ within the same wavelength band are each in a range of 0.01% to 5% of the H₂S signal, in a range of 0.01% to 1% of the H₂S signal, in a range of 0.01% to 0.5% of the H₂S signal, in a range of 0.05% to 0.5% of the H₂S signal, or in a range of 0.1% to 0.5% of the H₂S signal. For CH₄, the HCIS can achieve 1/100 of the H₂S signal when the out-of-band transmission is 1.0e-4, but 1/1000 of the H₂S when T_(out)<1.0e-5. However, the in-band contribution due to CO₂ is at 1%, so there may be little benefit to have the ability to discriminate H₂S from CO₂ by going from Tout=1.0e-4 to Tout=1.0e-5.

In some embodiments, the systems disclosed herein can include a CH₄ channel configured to detect CH₄ gas. In such an arrangement, the CH₄ channel can be configured such that the signals for CO₂ and H₂S within the same wavelength band are each in a range of 0.01% to 5% of the CH₄ signal, in a range of 0.01% to 1% of the CH₄ signal, in a range of 0.01% to 0.5% of the CH₄ signal, in a range of 0.05% to 0.5% of the CH₄ signal, or in a range of 0.1% to 0.5% of the CH₄ signal. Further, in some embodiments, the systems disclosed herein can include a CO₂ channel configured to detect CO₂ gas. In such an arrangement, the CO₂ channel can be configured such that the signals for CH₄ and H₂S within the same wavelength band are each in a range of 0.01% to 5% of the CO₂ signal, in a range of 0.01% to 1% of the CO₂ signal, in a range of 0.01% to 0.5% of the CO₂ signal, in a range of 0.05% to 0.5% of the CO₂ signal, or in a range of 0.1% to 0.5% of the CO₂ signal.

In various embodiments, the OFF channel, which can correspond to a channel configured to pass broadband background radiation, can pass low amounts of the chemicals commonly found at sites to be monitored, such as CO₂, H₂S, CH₂, SO₂, and H₂O. For example, the OFF channel can comprise a band of IR wavelengths in which the transmission of signals representative of background light (such as sunlight) is in a range of 50 to 10,000 times, 50 to 5,000 times, 100 to 10,000 times, 500 to 10,000 times, or 200 to 1,000 times the signal representative of CO₂, H₂S, CH₂, SO₂, and/or H₂O. As explained herein, in some embodiments, the HSIC can comprise processing electronics that detects or identifies H₂S gas by subtracting the signal of the OFF channel (background radiation) from the signal of the H₂S channel.

Addition of Active Illumination

Passive detection of H₂S in the SWIR spectral region can be highly dependent on the amount of solar illumination available. The solar illumination for any given scene can vary drastically, e.g., by up to 20×-30× from overcast to sunny weather conditions. The variation from day to night can be even more extreme. To compensate for these fluctuations, it can be beneficial to add an active illumination source to the camera system, such as the light sources 2320, 2420 shown in FIGS. 23-24. The illumination source can beneficially be in the SWIR spectral region and can be provided by one or more of an infrared light emitting diode array (LED), a xenon lamp, a laser, or a laser diode, for example, or other light sources can be used. In some embodiments, for example, the light sources 2320, 2420 can comprise an array of 500 LEDs or more. In some embodiments, multiple LEDs (e.g., three) can be used for each spectral channel. The processing unit 2322, 2422 can implement automatic control over the illumination level to increase or maximize the available signal without saturation to the sensor. For example, the HSIC can include a sensor to detect the amount of ambient light in the scene and the processing unit can adjust the amount of active illumination to prevent saturation of the HSIC's pixel well. The processing unit 2322, 2422 can actuate the active light source to maintain a constant or continuous beam of light directed at the scene. In other embodiments, the processing unit 2322, 2422 can cause the light source to pulse at predetermined intervals.

Advantageously, the HSIC systems disclosed herein can distinguish between H₂S gas and other chemicals (CO₂, CH₄, SO₂, H₂O) commonly found at sites to be monitored, even at relatively low concentrations. As explained herein, the imaging system can include an optical detector and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of one or more of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and water (H₂O). The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm (e.g., 1590 nm) while selectively attenuating light at wavelengths above 1600 nm and below 1580 nm. For example, the optical filter can selectively block or attenuate light at wavelengths below 1585 nm and above 1595 nm. In various embodiments, within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least ten times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least fifty times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least one hundred times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). In some embodiments, within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least fifty times (or at least 100 times or 300 times) greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. In some embodiments, within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least fifty times (or at least 100 times or 300 times) greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. For example, in some embodiments, within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least twenty times to at least 500 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ or the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. In some embodiments, within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least forty times to at least 300 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ or the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. In various embodiments, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 100 times to 10,000 times, in a range of 200 times to 5,000 times, or in a range of 500 times to 5,000 times the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of each of CO₂, CH₄, H₂O, and SO₂.

In some embodiments, the optical filter can have a center wavelength in a range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm (e.g., 1590 nm) with a band pass between 1-4 nm FWHM. In some embodiments, the optical filter can have a band pass between 3-6 nm FWHM. In some embodiments, the optical filter can have a band pass between 5-10 nm FWHM. A majority of the light impinging on the optical detector can be at wavelengths in a range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm. In some embodiments, the system can include at least one beamsplitter configured to split incoming radiation into different wavelength bands.

The HSICs disclosed herein can include a processor or processing electronics configured to process image data detected by the detector, the processor configured to identify whether the image data comprises infrared spectra representative of hydrogen sulfide gas. The processing electronics can also be configured to quantify the concentration of H₂S gas. In some arrangements, the HSIC can include an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit along a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical channels such that infrared (IR) radiation is transferred from a scene towards the optical FPA unit. Each optical channel can be positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the imaging system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. A first channel of the plurality of optical channels can comprise a first optical filter configured to pass a signal representative of H₂S gas, and a second channel of the plurality of optical channels can comprise a second optical filter configured to pass broadband background radiation within a second band of IR wavelengths. In some embodiments, a processing unit can be configured to identify hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas in the scene based at least in part on a difference between a first signal transferred from the optical filter and a second signal transferred from the second optical filter.

In some embodiments, a third channel of the plurality of optical channels can include a third optical filter that selectively transfers light within a third band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. Within the third band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the third optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas can be greater (e.g., at least five times greater, at least ten times greater, at least fifty times greater, at least 100 times greater, at least 500 times greater) than a convolution of the third optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). In some embodiments, within the third band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be in a range of at least twenty times to at least 500 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ or the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S. In some embodiments, within the third band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be in a range of at least forty times to at least 300 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ or the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S.

In some embodiments, a fourth channel of the plurality of optical channels can include a fourth optical filter that selectively transfers light within a fourth band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. Within the fourth band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the fourth optical filter with an absorption spectrum of methane (CH₄) gas can be greater (e.g., at least five times greater, at least ten times greater, at least fifty times greater, at least 100 times greater, at least 500 times greater) than a convolution of the fourth optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or carbon dioxide (CO₂), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). In some embodiments, the HSIC can include an illumination source configured to provide illumination to a scene to be imaged. In some embodiments, within the fourth band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be in a range of at least twenty times to at least 500 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ or the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S. In some embodiments, within the third band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be in a range of at least forty times to at least 300 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ or the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S.

In some embodiments, the HSIC comprises an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting a gas. The imaging system can include an optical filter that selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1500 nm to 1700 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1700 nm and below 1500 nm. The imaging system can include an optical detector array sensitive to light having a wavelength of 1590 nm that is positioned rear of the optical filter. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1550 nm to 1650 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1650 nm and below 1550 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1575 nm to 1625 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1625 nm and below 1575 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1580 nm to 1620 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1625 nm and below 1575 nm. In some embodiments, the optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1600 nm and below 1580 nm. The optical filter can pass light having a wavelength of 1590 nm. In some embodiments, the optical filter can attenuate light at wavelengths below 1580 nm and above 1600 nm.

Light at wavelengths in a range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm can be in a range of 50 to 10,000 times light at wavelengths below 1580 nm and above 1600 nm. Light at wavelengths in the range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm can be in a range of 150 to 5,000 times light at wavelengths below 1580 nm and above 1600 nm. In some embodiments, the optical filter can have a band pass between 1-4 nm FWHM, between 3-6 nm FWHM, or between 5-10 nm FWHM. The imaging system can also include an imaging lens. In some embodiments, a majority of the light impinging on the optical detector array can be at wavelengths in a range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm. For example, a majority of the light impinging on the optical detector array can be at wavelengths in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm.

The imaging system can include at least one beamsplitter configured to split incoming radiation into different wavelength bands. The imaging system can include processing electronics configured to process image data detected by the detector array, the processing electronics configured to identify whether the image data comprises infrared spectra representative of hydrogen sulfide gas. The imaging system can include an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit and a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical channels to transfer infrared (IR) radiation from a scene towards the optical FPA unit, each optical channel positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the imaging system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of optical channels is in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range. At least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the long-wavelength infrared spectral range. At least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range.

The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range and a second video image of the scene in the long-wavelength infrared spectral range. The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range and a second video image of the scene in the long-wavelength infrared spectral range. The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the mid-wavelength infrared spectral range and a second video image of the scene in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of optical channels passes broadband background radiation. In some embodiments, an illumination source can be configured to provide illumination to a scene to be imaged.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for imaging a scene is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system comprising an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit and a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical channels to transfer IR radiation from the scene towards the optical FPA unit, each optical channel positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the optical system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. At least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral range. The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range.

The imaging system can comprise an optical filter in said shortwave infrared (SWIR) channel that selectively passes light having a wavelength of 1590 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1600 nm and below 1580 nm. The optical filter can attenuate light at wavelengths below 1585 nm and above 1595 nm. Light at wavelengths in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm can be in a range of 50 to 10,000 times light at wavelengths below 1580 nm and above 1600 nm.

In various embodiments, the optical filter can have a band pass between 1-4 nm FWHM, between 3-6 nm FWHM, or between 5-10 nm FWHM. In some embodiments, the band pass can be centered at 1590 nm. The imaging system can include a plurality of imaging lenses. Moreover, the imaging system can include at least one beamsplitter configured to split incoming radiation into different wavelength bands. The imaging system can include processing electronics configured to process image data detected by the optical FPA unit, the processing electronics configured to identify whether the image data comprises infrared spectra representative of hydrogen sulfide gas. The system can include a second optical filter which transmits light at a wavelength of 1650 nm with a FWHM bandwidth of 12 nm or less. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral range. The system can include a LWIR optical filter configured to pass light having a wavelength in the long wavelength infrared range (LWIR). The LWIR optical filter can be configured to pass light having a wavelength in a range of 7 microns to 14 microns. In various embodiments, at least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) spectral range. The system can also include a MWIR optical filter configured to pass light having a wavelength in the mid-wavelength infrared range (MWIR). The MWIR optical filter can be configured to pass light having a wavelength in a range of 3 microns to 7 microns. In various embodiments, the optical FPA unit can include a plurality of optical FPAs. A majority of the light that passes through the optical filter can be at wavelengths in a range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm. In some embodiments, the system can include an illumination source configured to provide illumination to a scene to be imaged.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is disclosed. The imaging system can an optical detector array, and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1600 nm and below 1580 nm. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least ten times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least fifty times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least one hundred times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least twice the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least fifty times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 2 to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least fifty times to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 100 times to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 500 times to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 500 times to at least 1,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least twenty times to at least 500 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be at least fifty times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least two times to at least 500 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least twenty times to at least 500 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least fifty times to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 100 times to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 500 times to at least 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄. Within the band of IR wavelengths, the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of at least 500 times to at least 1,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄.

In various embodiments, the optical filter can have a band pass between 1-4 nm FWHM, between 3-6 nm FWHM, or between 5-10 nm FWHM. The system can also include an imaging lens. In some embodiments, a majority of the light impinging on the optical detector array can be at wavelengths in a range of 1580 nm to 1600 nm. At least one beamsplitter can be configured to split incoming radiation into different wavelength bands. The system can include processing electronics configured to process image data detected by the detector, the processing electronics configured to identify whether the image data comprises infrared spectra representative of hydrogen sulfide gas. The system can include an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit and a plurality of spatially and spectrally different optical channels to transfer infrared (IR) radiation from a scene towards the optical FPA unit, each optical channel positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the imaging system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. A first channel of the plurality of optical channels can include the optical filter and a second channel of the plurality of optical channels can include a second optical filter, the second optical filter configured to pass broadband background radiation within a second band of IR wavelengths. The system can include processing electronics, the processing electronics configured to identify hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas in the scene based at least in part on a difference between a first signal transferred from the optical filter and a second signal transferred from the second optical filter.

In various embodiments, a third channel of the plurality of optical channels can include a third optical filter that selectively transfers light within a third band of IR wavelengths to a third optical detector, wherein, within the third band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the third optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas is greater than a convolution of the third optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). A fourth channel of the plurality of optical channels can include a fourth optical filter that selectively transfers light within a fourth band of IR wavelengths to a fourth optical detector, wherein, within the fourth band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the fourth optical filter with an absorption spectrum of methane (CH₄) gas is greater than a convolution of the fourth optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or carbon dioxide (CO₂), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). The system can further comprise an illumination source configured to provide illumination to a scene to be imaged.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is disclosed. The system can include an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. The optical filter can comprise a passband that transmits within the passband a first signal representative of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and a second signal representative of one of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 1 to 100,000. In some embodiments, the ratio of the first peak to the second peak can be in a range of 50 to 10,000, 50 to 5,000, in a range of 100 to 10,000, in a range of 200 to 10,000, in a range of 200 to 1,000, in a range of 200 to 5,000, or in a range of 500 to 5,000. In other arrangements, however, the ratio of the first peak (representative of H₂S) to the second peak may be less than 1, e.g., in situations in which there are high concentrations of other gases. For example, in some arrangements, the ratio may be between 0.001 and 1, between 0.01 and 1, or between 0.1 and 1. Beneficially, even at low relative H₂S concentrations as compared with other chemicals, the embodiments disclosed herein can identify H₂S gas from amongst other gases such as CO₂, CH₄, H₂O, and SO₂. The wavelength ranges passed by the filter can be any of the suitable wavelengths described above.

In one embodiment, an optical filter is disclosed. The optical filter can include a filter element comprising a passband that selectively passes light within a band of infrared (IR) wavelengths. The passband can transmit a first signal representative of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and a second signal representative of one of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 1 to 100,000. In various embodiments, the ratio of the first peak to the second peak can be in a range of 50 to 10,000, 50 to 5,000, in a range of 100 to 10,000, in a range of 200 to 10,000, in a range of 200 to 1,000, in a range of 200 to 5,000, or in a range of 500 to 5,000. In other arrangements, however, the ratio of the first peak (representative of H₂S) to the second peak may be less than 1, e.g., in situations in which there are high concentrations of other gases. For example, in some arrangements, the ratio may be between 0.001 and 1, between 0.01 and 1, or between 0.1 and 1. Beneficially, even at low relative H₂S concentrations as compared with other chemicals, the embodiments disclosed herein can identify H₂S gas from amongst other gases such as CO₂, CH₄, H₂O, and SO₂. As above, the wavelength ranges passed by the filter can be any of the suitable wavelengths described above.

In one embodiment, an optical filter is disclosed. The optical filter can include a filter element comprising a passband that selectively passes light within a band of infrared (IR) wavelengths. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be greater than (e.g., at least twice) a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

In some embodiments, the filter element can comprise a transmissive filter element. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 2 to 10,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO₂. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 50 to 10,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO₂. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 100 to 5,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO₂. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 500 to 5,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO₂. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 50 to 10,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CH₄. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 100 to 5,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CH₄. The convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be in a range of 500 to 5,000 times greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CH₄.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for imaging a scene is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system comprising an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit and a plurality of spectrally different optical channels to transfer IR radiation from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. Each optical channel can be positioned to transfer a portion of the IR radiation incident on the optical system from the scene towards the optical FPA unit. The plurality spectrally different optical channels can be coupled to or integrally formed with the optical FPA unit. At least one of the plurality of optical channels can be in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral range. The imaging system can be configured to acquire a first video image of the scene in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range.

In various embodiments disclosed herein, the optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1550 nm to 1650 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1650 nm and below 1550 nm. For example, the optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1200 nm to 1400 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1400 nm and below 1200 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1230 nm to 1330 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1330 nm and below 1230 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1900 nm to 2100 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 2100 nm and below 1900 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1950 nm to 2100 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 2100 nm and below 1950 nm.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be greater than (e.g., at least twice) a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be in a range of 2 to 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be in a range of 50 to 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be in a range of 100 to 5,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO₂ gas can be in a range of 500 to 5,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). In various embodiments, the optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1500 nm and below 1400 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1900 nm to 2100 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 2100 nm and below 1900 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 9 microns to 10 microns while attenuating light at wavelengths above 10 microns and below 9 microns.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas is disclosed. The imaging system can comprise an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector. The optical filter can comprise a passband that transmits within the passband a first signal representative of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and a second signal representative of one of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methane (CH₄), water (H₂O), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 1 to 100,000. The ratio of the first peak to the second peak can be in a range of 50 to 10,000, in a range of 50 to 5,000, in a range of 100 to 10,000, in a range of 200 to 10,000, in a range of 200 to 1,000, in a range of 200 to 5,000, or in a range of 500 to 5,000. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1500 nm and below 1400 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1900 nm to 2100 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 2100 nm and below 1900 nm. In other arrangements, however, the ratio of the first peak to the second peak may be less than 1, e.g., in situations in which there are high concentrations of other gases. For example, in some arrangements, the ratio may be between 0.001 and 1, between 0.01 and 1, or between 0.1 and 1. The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 9 microns to 10 microns while attenuating light at wavelengths above 10 microns and below 9 microns

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting methane (CH₄) gas is disclosed. The system can include an optical detector array and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array. Within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be greater than (e.g., at least twice) a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), or carbon dioxide (CO₂), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be in a range of 50 to 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be in a range of 2 to 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be in a range of 100 to 5,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CH₄ gas can be in a range of 500 to 5,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The optical filter can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1600 nm to 1700 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1700 nm and below 1600 nm.

In various embodiments disclosed herein, the optical filter can include a plurality of filter components (e.g., a bandpass filter can include a high pass filter component and a low pass filter component). In various embodiments, the optical filter can pass or transfer light by reflection. In various embodiments, the optical filter can pass or transfer light by transmission. In the embodiments disclosed herein, the system can include processing electronics configured to detect H₂S gas in a scene comprising a plurality of gases. The processing electronics can be configured to determine a concentration of the detected H₂S gas. The system can also include imaging optics to form a spectral image on the optical detector array. The imaging optics can include one or more lenses.

In various embodiments for detecting H₂S, the optical filter can selectively pass light in a passband with a center wavelength in a range of 1580 nm to 1620 nm. The optical filter can selectively pass light in a passband with a center wavelength in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm. The optical filter can attenuate light at wavelengths above 1620 nm and below 1580 nm. In some embodiments, the optical filter can attenuate light at wavelengths between 1500 nm to 1580 nm and between 1620 nm and 1700 nm. The optical filter can attenuate light at wavelengths in a range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm and in a range of 1700 nm to 1800 nm. The optical filter can attenuate light at wavelengths in a range of 1350 nm to 1550 nm and in a range of 1650 nm to 1850 nm. The filter element can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1500 nm to 1700 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1700 nm and below 1500 nm. The filter element can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1550 nm to 1650 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1650 nm and below 1550 nm. The filter element can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1575 nm to 1625 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1625 nm and below 1575 nm. The filter element can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1580 nm to 1620 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1625 nm and below 1575 nm. The filter element can selectively pass light having a wavelength in a range of 1585 nm to 1595 nm, while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1600 nm and below 1580 nm. The filter element can attenuate light at wavelengths in a range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm and in a range of 1700 nm to 1800 nm. The filter element can attenuate light at wavelengths in a range of 1450 nm to 1550 nm and in a range of 1650 nm to 1850 nm.

In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas is disclosed. The system can include an optical system comprising an optical detector array and one or more optical channels that transfer infrared radiation to the optical detector array. The system can include processing electronics configured to process image data received by the optical detector array, the processing electronics configured to detect H₂S gas based on the captured image data.

In some embodiments, the processing electronics can be configured to distinguish H₂S gas from one or more of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). in an imaged object. For example, the processing electronics can be configured to distinguish H₂S gas from CO₂ gas in an imaged object. For example, the processing electronics can be configured to distinguish H₂S gas from CH₄ gas in an imaged object. In various embodiments, a first channel of the one or more optical channels can comprise an H₂S channel that transfers a first signal to the optical detector array that is representative of H₂S gas. A second channel of the one or more optical channels can comprise a background channel that transfers a second signal to the optical detector array that is representative of broadband background radiation. The processing electronics can be configured to identify H₂S gas based at least in part on a difference between the first signal and the second signal. In some embodiments, a third channel of the one or more optical channels can selectively transfer a third signal to the optical detector array that is representative of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O). The processing electronics can be configured to identify at least one of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and water (H₂O) based at least in part on a difference between the third signal and the second signal. The processing electronics can be configured to compare the difference between the first signal and the second signal with the difference between the third signal and the second signal to determine an amount of H₂S gas relative to an amount of at least one of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and water (H₂O). An illumination source can be configured to provide illumination to a scene to be imaged. In various embodiments, the one or more optical channels can include one or more imaging lenses. In various embodiments, the one or more optical channels can include an optical filter. Furthermore, within a band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of H₂S gas can be greater than (e.g., at least twice, at least ten times, at least 100 times, at least 1000 times) a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide (CO₂), or methane (CH₄), or sulfur dioxide (SO₂), or water (H₂O).

In the embodiments described herein, the processing electronics can configured to detect H₂S gas at concentrations in a range of 1 ppm·m to 5,000 ppm·m, in a range of 100 ppm·m to 2,500 ppm·m, in a range of 500 ppm·m to 1500 ppm·m, or in a range of 800 ppm·m to 1200 ppm·m.

The HSIC systems disclosed herein can be used for many applications including gas leaks at refineries, rigs, and petroleum plants, remote sensing applications, biological warfare, deep to mid IR imaging (reconnaisance), missile/target identifier, underwater applications, space applications, telecommunications switch, optical computing, detection of toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide, flare efficiency monitoring, pipe blockages from hot & cold spots, and gas leak detection and quantification. The HSIC can be made explosion-proof by using existing HSIC explosion proof housings designed for visible light surveillance systems, including for the shortwave infrared version of the system.

References throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “a related embodiment,” or similar language mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the referred to “embodiment” is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment. It is to be understood that no portion of disclosure, taken on its own and in possible connection with a figure, is intended to provide a complete description of all features of the invention.

In the drawings like numbers are used to represent the same or similar elements wherever possible. The depicted structural elements are generally not to scale, and certain components are enlarged relative to the other components for purposes of emphasis and understanding. It is to be understood that no single drawing is intended to support a complete description of all features of the invention. In other words, a given drawing is generally descriptive of only some, and generally not all, features of the invention. A given drawing and an associated portion of the disclosure containing a description referencing such drawing do not, generally, contain all elements of a particular view or all features that can be presented is this view, for purposes of simplifying the given drawing and discussion, and to direct the discussion to particular elements that are featured in this drawing. A skilled artisan will recognize that the invention may possibly be practiced without one or more of the specific features, elements, components, structures, details, or characteristics, or with the use of other methods, components, materials, and so forth. Therefore, although a particular detail of an embodiment of the invention may not be necessarily shown in each and every drawing describing such embodiment, the presence of this detail in the drawing may be implied unless the context of the description requires otherwise. In other instances, well known structures, details, materials, or operations may be not shown in a given drawing or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of an embodiment of the invention that are being discussed. Furthermore, the described single features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more further embodiments.

The features recited in claims appended to this disclosure are intended to be assessed in light of the disclosure as a whole, including features disclosed in prior art to which reference is made.

At least some elements of a device of the invention can be controlled—and at least some steps of a method of the invention can be effectuated, in operation—with a programmable processor governed by instructions stored in a memory. The memory may be random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), flash memory or any other memory, or combination thereof, suitable for storing control software or other instructions and data. Those skilled in the art should also readily appreciate that instructions or programs defining the functions of the present invention may be delivered to a processor in many forms, including, but not limited to, information permanently stored on non-writable storage media (e.g. read-only memory devices within a computer, such as ROM, or devices readable by a computer I/O attachment, such as CD-ROM or DVD disks), information alterably stored on writable storage media (e.g. floppy disks, removable flash memory and hard drives) or information conveyed to a computer through communication media, including wired or wireless computer networks. In addition, while the invention may be embodied in software, the functions necessary to implement the invention may optionally or alternatively be embodied in part or in whole using firmware and/or hardware components, such as combinatorial logic, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or other hardware or some combination of hardware, software and/or firmware components.

While examples of embodiments of the system and method of the invention have been discussed in reference to the gas-cloud detection, monitoring, and quantification (including but not limited to greenhouse gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide, as well as Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide as well as hydrocarbon gases such as Methane, Ethane, Propane, n-Butane, iso-Butane, n-Pentane, iso-Pentane, neo-Pentane, Sulfur Hexafluoride, Ammonia, Benzene, p- and m-Xylene, Vinyl chloride, Toluene, Propylene oxide, Propylene, Methanol, Hydrazine, Ethanol, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, Dichlorobenzene, Chlorobenzene, to name just a few), embodiments of the invention can be readily adapted for other chemical detection applications. For example, detection of liquid and solid chemical spills, biological weapons, tracking targets based on their chemical composition, identification of satellites and space debris, ophthalmological imaging, microscopy and cellular imaging, endoscopy, mold detection, fire and flame detection, and pesticide detection are within the scope of the invention.

As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c.

If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. The steps of a method or algorithm disclosed herein may be implemented in a processor-executable software module which may reside on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that can be enabled to transfer a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that may be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that may be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection can be properly termed a computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above also may be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Additionally, the operations of a method or algorithm may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and instructions on a machine readable medium and computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.

Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein, but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein.

Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations also can be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation also can be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, the IR imaging system comprising: an optical detector array; and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array; wherein, within the band of IR wavelengths, a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of CO2 gas is greater than a convolution of the optical filter with an absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), or methane (CH4), or sulfur dioxide (SO2), or water (H2O); and wherein the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO2 gas is in a range of 50 to 10,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
 2. The IR imaging system of claim 1, wherein the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO2 gas is in a range of 100 to 5,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
 3. The IR imaging system of claim 1, wherein the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of CO2 gas is in a range of 500 to 5,000 times greater than the convolution of the optical filter with the absorption spectrum of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
 4. The IR imaging system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1500 nm and below 1400 nm.
 5. The IR imaging system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1900 nm to 2100 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 2100 nm and below 1900 nm.
 6. The IR imaging system of claim 1, wherein the optical filter selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 9 microns to 10 microns while attenuating light at wavelengths above 10 microns and below 9 microns.
 7. The IR imaging system of claim 1, further comprising an imaging lens that transfers the light to the optical detector array.
 8. The IR imaging system of claim 1, further comprising processing electronics configured to detect CO2 based at least in part on image data captured by the optical detector array.
 9. An infrared (IR) imaging system for detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, the IR imaging system comprising: an optical detector array; and an optical filter that selectively transfers light within a band of IR wavelengths to the optical detector array; wherein the optical filter comprises a passband that transmits within the passband a first signal representative of carbon dioxide (CO2) and a second signal representative of one of hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), methane (CH4), water (H2O), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) the first signal comprising a first peak within the passband, the second signal comprising a second peak within the passband, wherein a ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 50 to 10,000.
 10. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 50 to 5,000.
 11. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 100 to 10,000.
 12. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 200 to 10,000.
 13. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 200 to 1,000.
 14. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 200 to 5,000.
 15. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the ratio of the first peak to the second peak is in a range of 500 to 5,000.
 16. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the optical filter selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 1500 nm and below 1400 nm.
 17. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the optical filter selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 1900 nm to 2100 nm while attenuating light at wavelengths above 2100 nm and below 1900 nm.
 18. The IR imaging system of claim 9, wherein the optical filter selectively passes light having a wavelength in a range of 9 microns to 10 microns while attenuating light at wavelengths above 10 microns and below 9 microns.
 19. The IR imaging system of claim 9, further comprising processing electronics configured to detect CO2 based at least in part on image data captured by the optical detector array. 